Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cancer > Cancer biology > Flashcards

Cancer biology Flashcards

1
Q

List the 10 hallmarks of cancer

A
  1. Growth Signal Autonomy
  2. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
  3. Resisting apoptosis
  4. Unlimited replicative potential
  5. Angiogenesis
  6. Metastasis
  7. Evading immune response
  8. Reprogrammed energy metabolism
  9. Genomic instability
  10. Promoting inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the 5 proto-oncogenes involved in growth signal autonomy

A
  1. HER-2
  2. EGFR tyrosine kinase
  3. MAPK pathway - Ras and Raf
  4. MYC
  5. Cyclin D1 and CDK4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the tumour suppression genes involved in insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals

A
  1. RB gene, Rb protein
  2. TP53 gene, p53 protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Genes involved in resisting apoptosis

A
  1. p53, Bax protein
  2. BCL-2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Genes involved in angiogenesis

A
  1. Anti: p53 thrombospondin 1
  2. Pro: Vascular endothelial Growth factor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List at least 3 growth factors of angiogenesis

A
  • **Vascular endothelial GF
  • Macrophage derived growth factor (DGF)
  • Platelet DGF
  • Transforming/ epidermal/ fibroblast GF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 steps of metastasis

A
  1. Loosening
  2. Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition
  3. Emboli
  4. Proliferation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the hallmark, unlimited replicative potential

A

Cancer cells can maintain the length of their telomeres via telomerase and thus have replicative immortality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 3 ways cancer cells evade the immune system?

A
  1. Reduce expression of tumour antigens
  2. Reduce expression of MHC class 1
  3. Deactivate PD-L1 ligands and PD-1 receptors
  4. Deactivate B7 ligands and CTLA-4 receptors
  5. Cytokine signalling: TGF-beta - reduce immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the hallmark, reprogrammed energy metabolism

A

Increased glycolysis = more glucose for high glucose and energy demand tumour cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the pairs of DNA mismatch proteins

A

MSH 2 MSH 6
MLH 1 PMS 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Other than mismatch proteins, which protein is involved in DNA repair?

A

p53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the hallmark, promoting inflammation

A

Chronic inflammation with prolonged tissue injury and repeated attempts at healing.

Benefits cancer cells because:
1. Growth factor secretion
2. Angiogenesis as part of healing and repair
3. Extracellular matrix-modifying enzymes that can breakdown connective tissue
4. Reactive oxygen species – promotes mutations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly

Cancer (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions