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PHARM 123 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia

A

New abnormal growth of tissues

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2
Q

Differentiation

A

the process during which young, immature cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature form and function

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3
Q

Oncogene

A

a gene which in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell

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4
Q

Tumor Suppressor Gene

A

directs the production of a protein that is part of the system that regulates cell division

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5
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

the initiation of cancer formation

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6
Q

What are some similar features of benign and malignant tumours?

A

they can both grow to become very large

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7
Q

What is some features of benign tumours?

A

similar to normal cells
relative slow growth
localized
rarely have systemic effects
it is only life threatening in certain locations like the brain

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8
Q

What are some features of malignant Tumor?

A

cells are varied in shape and size
they growth rapidly
can be local and distal metastasis
often causes systemic effects
many can be life threatening

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9
Q

Explain how staging of tumours is done

A

staging can be through TNM system and number system

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10
Q

Explain how grading of tumours is done

A

grading will be a measured of differentiation

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11
Q

Describe Initiation

A

detoxification
tries to repair
start of the first mutations

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12
Q

Describe promotion

A

proliferation
increase in cell cycle arrest
increase in apoptosis
decrease in inflammation

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13
Q

Describe conversion

A

angiogenesis
decrease in NDP kinase
RNase A

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14
Q

Describe Progression

A

Invasion and metastasis

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15
Q

Describe clonal expansion

A

involves the interplay of selectively advantageous
choose the best cells to continue to make

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16
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign Tumor dervied from glandular cells

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17
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant Tumor derived from epithelial cells (such as skin and tissue cells)

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18
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant Tumor derived from glandular tissue

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19
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant Tumor derived from bones or soft tissues

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20
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignant Tumor derived from lymphocytes

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21
Q

Melanoma

A

Malignant Tumor derived from melanocytes

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22
Q

Leukaemia

A

Malignant Tumor of blood forming tissues

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23
Q

Blastoma

A

Malignant Tumor derived from precursor cells such as embryonic tissue

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24
Q

What is the 4 periods of cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, M

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25
Q

What are quiescent cells

A

G0
They can move into or out of G1 phase

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26
Q

Under normal conditions the number of cells produced = the number

A

Of cells that die

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27
Q

G1 (Gap 1)

A

Cell grows and prepares for DNA replication

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28
Q

S (synthesis)

A

DNA replication

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29
Q

G2 (Gap 2)

A

Cell continues to grow and prepare for mitosis

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30
Q

M phase

A

Mitosis
Cell stops growth and starts division

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31
Q

G0

A

Gap 0
Cell has left the cell cycle

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32
Q

Where are the check points in the cycle?

A

One in G1 and one in G2

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33
Q

What happens if the checkpoint shows something is wrong?

A

Apoptosis —> cell death

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34
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint look at?

A

DNA synthesis

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35
Q

What does G2 checkpoint look at?

A

Preparation for mitosis

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36
Q

R phase

A

Restriction point
Cell commits to the cycle for division

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37
Q

What are the sub phases in M phase?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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38
Q

Prophase

A

Condensation of chromatin and disappearance of nucleus

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39
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate

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40
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes split and move to opposite poles of the cells

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41
Q

Telophase & cytokinesis

A

Spindle disappears, nucleus reforms and mother cell divides into two daughter cells

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42
Q

What is growth factor require for?

A

To initiate and maintain transition through G1 and S phase

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43
Q

How long before DNA synthesis is R point?

A

2-3 hours

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44
Q

What are the major checkpoint monitoring molecules?

A

Cycling
CDKs
p53
RB
APC

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45
Q

What is CDKs

A

Cyclin dependent kinases

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46
Q

What is the purpose of p53

A

Is a major checkpoint monitoring molecule
Mainly looking at DNA damage

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47
Q

What is RB

A

Retinoblastoma

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48
Q

What is APC

A

Anaphase promoting complex
Checkpoint monitoring molecules

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49
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Becomes specialized cells to carry out specific function
Develop special structures of lose certain structures

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50
Q

What are the types of cell death?

A

Cell Apoptosis
Cell Necrosis
Cell autophagy

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51
Q

What is stem cell?

A

The basic cell that gets differentiated into other cells

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52
Q

What is progenitor cells?

A

It is a type of cell on the differentiation lines

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53
Q

What is cell apoptosis

A

They received a signal to death (programmed cell death)
No damage to neighbouring cells
Mediated by caspase signalling

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54
Q

What is necrosis

A

Fluids can not get out of the cell so it gets swelling until it bursts and the cell dies
It causes damage to other cells (because of the release of products)

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55
Q

What is autophagy

A

There are no food for the cells, they will eat themselves to survive (they are starving)

Destroy other parts to keep the most important parts
Then they release like necrosis and can cause damage to other cells

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56
Q

Benign Tumors

A

When differentiated
“Working” cells mutate they form differentiated “working tumors”

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57
Q

Malignant tumors

A

When undifferentiated, rapidly dividing cells mutate
They form rapidly dividing tumors

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58
Q

Characteristics of Benign tumors (cells)

A

Similar to normal cells

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59
Q

Characteristics of Benign tumors (growth)

A

Relative slow
Expanding mass

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60
Q

Characteristics of Benign tumors (Spread)

A

Localized

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61
Q

Characteristics of Benign tumors (systemic effects)

A

Rare

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62
Q

Characteristics of Benign tumors (life threatening)

A

Only in certain locations (brain)

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63
Q

Characteristics of Malignant tumors (cells)

A

Varied in shape and size with large nuclei

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64
Q

Characteristics of Malignant tumors (growth)

A

Rapid growth
No cell adhesion

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65
Q

Characteristics of Malignant tumors (spread)

A

Local and distal metastasis

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66
Q

Characteristics of Malignant tumors (systemic effects)

A

Often

67
Q

Characteristics of Malignant tumors (life threatening)

A

Yes, by tissue destruction and spread of tumors

68
Q

Physical Characteristics of Benign Tumor

A

Smooth
Capsule
No necrosis
No hemorrhage

69
Q

Physical characteristics of malignant tumors

A

Irregular surface
No capsule
Necrosis
Hemorrhage

70
Q

What are the three major types of Diagnosis tools for tumors

A

Imaging
Tests
Scopy

71
Q

What are treatment options in benign

A

Treatment may not be needed
watch and wait
surgery
radiation therapy

72
Q

What is the treatment options for malignant tumors?

A

surgery
chemotherapy
radiation therapy
targeted therapy
immunotherapy
biological therapy

73
Q

What are the imaging options?

A

CT
PET
MRI

74
Q

What is CT stand for?

A

Computerized Tomography

75
Q

What is CT scan?

A

X-ray scan from different angles and computer processed cross sectional images

76
Q

What does PET stand for?

A

Positron Emission Tomography

77
Q

What is PET scan?

A

Use a radioactive drug as a tracer, such as fluorodeoxyglucose

78
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

79
Q

What is a MRI scan?

A

uses magnetism, radio waves and a computer to produce images

80
Q

What is the purpose of biopsy?

A

It is the main way to confirm diagnosis for most types of cancer

81
Q

What can we learn from a biopsy?

A

Types of Cells (B or M)
grade level if M
biomarkers

82
Q

What are the six hallmarks of cancer?

A

self sufficient growth signal
resistance to anti growth signals
immortality
resistance to cell death
sustained angiogenesis
invasion and metastasis

83
Q

How does cancer send self sufficient growth signals?

A

constitutively activated growth factor signalling

84
Q

How is cancer resistance to anti growth signals?

A

inactivated cell cycle check point

85
Q

How are cancer cells immortal?

A

they have inactivated cell death apthways

86
Q

How is cancer resistance to cell death?

A

they activated anti-cell death signalling

87
Q

How is cancer sustaining angiogenesis?

A

activates VEGF signalling

88
Q

What is T in the TNM system?

A

size and extend of the main tumor (primary tumor)

89
Q

What is N in the TNM system?

A

Number of nearby lymph nodes that have cancer

90
Q

What is M in the TNM system?

A

whether the cancer has metastasized

91
Q

What is Tx?

A

Main tumor cannot be measured

92
Q

What is T0

A

main tumor cannot be found

93
Q

what is T1,T2,T3,T4

A

refers to the size and/or extent of the main tumor

94
Q

What is Nx?

A

cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured

95
Q

What is N0?

A

there is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes

96
Q

What is N1.N2,N3

A

refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer

97
Q

What is Mx

A

metastasis cannot be measured

98
Q

What is M0

A

cancer has not spread to other parts of the body

99
Q

What is M1

A

cancer has spread to other parts of the body

100
Q

What is Stage 1 cancer?

A

relatively small and contained within the organ in started in

101
Q

What is stage 2 cancer?

A

larger than stage 1, but has not started to spread into the surrounding tissues

102
Q

What is the stage 3 cancer?

A

cancer is larger have started to spread into surrounding tissues and have cancer cells in the local lymph nodes

103
Q

What is the stage 4 cancer?

A

Spread from where it started to another body organ (metastasis)

104
Q

Why do we care about stage and grade?

A

It helps with figuring out the prognosis

105
Q

The higher the grade is normally associated with _____ prognosis

A

poorer

106
Q

What does cancer grading show?

A

how likely it is going to process to the next stage (how aggressive the cancer is)

107
Q

What is cancer can be caused by cushing’s syndrome

A

small cell carcinoma of the lung

108
Q

What is cancer can be caused by hypercalcemia

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

109
Q

What is cancer can be caused by polycythemia

A

renal cell carcinoma

110
Q

What is cancer can be caused by venous thrombosis

A

pancreatic carcinoma

111
Q

What is cancer can be caused by myasthenia gravis

A

thymoma

112
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

A group of rare disorders triggered by an abnormal immune system response to a cancer

113
Q

Carcinogens is

A

The process of how normal cells become cancerous

114
Q

What regions does cancer cells typically form in?

A

Hypoxic regions

115
Q

What is the most common type of cancer for women?

A

Breast cancer

116
Q

Most common cancer in Sask is?

A

Lung cancer

117
Q

What is the most common cancer in cancer?

A

Liquid cancers
Leukaemia —> lymphoma

118
Q

Most common cancer for males?

A

Prostate

119
Q

What is a common genetic trait with cancer cells?

A

Genomic Instability

120
Q

What are some exogenous causes?

A

Chemical
Physical
Biological

121
Q

What are some endogenous causes?

A

Oncogenes
Tumour suppressor gene

122
Q

What are some example of chemical carcinogens?

A

Pesticides (PCB)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic amines
Nitrosamines
Steroid hormones
Metals and inorganic compounds

123
Q

What are the steps of chemical carcinogenesis?

A

Initiation
Promotion
Conversion
Progression
Clonal expansion

124
Q

What are some examples of physical carcinogens?

A

UV light
X ray
Radioactive isotopes
Nuclear bombs
Nuclear power plants accidents

125
Q

What are examples of biological carcinogens?

A

Aflatoxin
Helicobacter pylori
Schistosome haematobium
Opisthorchis sinensis
Human viral carcinogens

126
Q

What is aflatoxin?

A

Derived from the fungus aspergillosis flavus
Acts as a liver carcinogen

127
Q

What is helicobacter pylori?

A

Bacterium in stomach
Acts as a gastric carcinogen

128
Q

What is Schistosoma haematobium?

A

Parasite
Acts as a urinary bladder carcinogen

129
Q

What is Opisthorchis sinensis?

A

Chinese liver fluke
Acts as a carcinogen for bile duct of the liver

130
Q

Explain what human viral carcinogens

A

They are DNA and RNA oncogenic viruses

131
Q

What type of carcinogen is aflatoxin?

A

Liver

132
Q

What type of carcinogen is h. Pylori?

A

Gastric carcinogen

133
Q

What type of carcinogens is Opisthorchis sinensis?

A

Carcinogen for bile duct of the liver

134
Q

What type of carcinogen of Schistosoma haematobium

A

Urinary bladder carcinogen

135
Q

Explain how UV light damage DNA

A

The UV light causes the pyrimindine to create a dimmer
This causes the DNA to kink
The body can check this and stop it

136
Q

Examples of DNA oncogenic viruses

A

Human papilloma virus (HPV)
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

137
Q

Examples of RNA virus

A

Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-1)

138
Q

What types of genes get mutated in cancer

A

Oncogenes are activated
Timor suppressor genes are inactivated

139
Q

Explain which normal function that oncogenes cells have

A

Cell growth
Gene transcription
Migration
Metastasis
They just are on extreme mode

140
Q

Explain what functions are normal when tumour suppressor genes are inactivated

A

DNA repair
Cell cycle control
Cell death

141
Q

What transformations of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes

A

Point mutation
Gene amplification
Chromosomal rearrangements
Insertion of viral oncogene

142
Q

Explain gene amplification

A

Normal protein greatly overproduced

143
Q

Explain point mutation

A

Hyperactive protein made in a normal amount

144
Q

Explain what happens when there is chromosome rearrangement

A

Nearby regulation DNA sequence causes normal protein to be overproduced
Fusion to actively transcribe gene produces hyperactive fusion protein

145
Q

What are somethings that the oncogenes can produce a protein that?

A

Too much of protein
An abnormal
That turns on all by itself
That made when it is not need
That cannot turn cell division off
That should be made by a different cell

146
Q

What is the purpose of tumour suppressor proteins?

A

They keep most mutations from developing into cancer
Usually stop the division of mutated cells

147
Q

List some tumour suppressor proteins

A

Cyclins
Cyclin dependent kinases
Cyclin inhibitors (p53)

148
Q

What is the nickname for tumour suppressors?

A

Guardians of the genome

149
Q

Mutation in tumour suppressor genes lead to

A

The mutator phenotype (mutation rate increase)

150
Q

Examples of tumour suppressor genes

A

BRCA1/BRCA2
P53
PTEN
PRB
PARP
CIP2A
RSK
TTK/hMPS1

151
Q

What is the function of BRCA1/BRCA2

A

DNA double strand and break repair

152
Q

What is the function of p53

A

Cell cycle arrest and DNA repair

153
Q

What is the function of PTEN

A

Modulation of cell proliferation

154
Q

What is the function of pRB

A

Transcriptional co-repress or

155
Q

Explain the tumour supressor genes require “two hits” for a cancer to develop

A

need two very rare events to both happen to get cancer so that both chromosome have the mutation
Works both with non-hereditary and hereditary

156
Q

How does p53 work?

A

Senses genomic damage
Supresses cell replication and growth when there is DNA damage
Initiate cell death process if the DNA is irreparable

157
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Cancer spreading to a different part of the body from where it started

158
Q

How does cancer travel through the body?

A

Blood or lymph systems

159
Q

If the cancer has spread, what is the cancer named after?

A

The original site (enough if there is a bigger place)

160
Q

What is the most common areas for metastasis?

A

Liver
Lung
Lymph nodes
Brain
Bone

161
Q

What are the goals of treatment?

A

Reduce growth and spread of cancer cells

162
Q

What are migrastatics?

A

Antimetastatic and anti-invasion drugs

163
Q

In the new location, is this a new type of cancer?

A

No the metastatic tumour is the same type of cancer as the primary tumour

PHARM 123 (4 decks)

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