Neoplasia Flashcards
1
Q
Neoplasia
A
New abnormal growth of tissues
2
Q
Differentiation
A
the process during which young, immature cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature form and function
3
Q
Oncogene
A
a gene which in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell
4
Q
Tumor Suppressor Gene
A
directs the production of a protein that is part of the system that regulates cell division
5
Q
Carcinogenesis
A
the initiation of cancer formation
6
Q
What are some similar features of benign and malignant tumours?
A
they can both grow to become very large
7
Q
What is some features of benign tumours?
A
similar to normal cells
relative slow growth
localized
rarely have systemic effects
it is only life threatening in certain locations like the brain
8
Q
What are some features of malignant Tumor?
A
cells are varied in shape and size
they growth rapidly
can be local and distal metastasis
often causes systemic effects
many can be life threatening
9
Q
Explain how staging of tumours is done
A
staging can be through TNM system and number system
10
Q
Explain how grading of tumours is done
A
grading will be a measured of differentiation
11
Q
Describe Initiation
A
detoxification
tries to repair
start of the first mutations
12
Q
Describe promotion
A
proliferation
increase in cell cycle arrest
increase in apoptosis
decrease in inflammation
13
Q
Describe conversion
A
angiogenesis
decrease in NDP kinase
RNase A
14
Q
Describe Progression
A
Invasion and metastasis
15
Q
Describe clonal expansion
A
involves the interplay of selectively advantageous
choose the best cells to continue to make
16
Q
Adenoma
A
Benign Tumor dervied from glandular cells
17
Q
Carcinoma
A
Malignant Tumor derived from epithelial cells (such as skin and tissue cells)
18
Q
Adenocarcinoma
A
Malignant Tumor derived from glandular tissue
19
Q
Sarcoma
A
Malignant Tumor derived from bones or soft tissues
20
Q
Lymphoma
A
Malignant Tumor derived from lymphocytes
21
Q
Melanoma
A
Malignant Tumor derived from melanocytes
22
Q
Leukaemia
A
Malignant Tumor of blood forming tissues
23
Q
Blastoma
A
Malignant Tumor derived from precursor cells such as embryonic tissue
24
Q
What is the 4 periods of cell cycle
A
G1, S, G2, M
25
What are quiescent cells
G0
They can move into or out of G1 phase
26
Under normal conditions the number of cells produced = the number
Of cells that die
27
G1 (Gap 1)
Cell grows and prepares for DNA replication
28
S (synthesis)
DNA replication
29
G2 (Gap 2)
Cell continues to grow and prepare for mitosis
30
M phase
Mitosis
Cell stops growth and starts division
31
G0
Gap 0
Cell has left the cell cycle
32
Where are the check points in the cycle?
One in G1 and one in G2
33
What happens if the checkpoint shows something is wrong?
Apoptosis —> cell death
34
What does the G1 checkpoint look at?
DNA synthesis
35
What does G2 checkpoint look at?
Preparation for mitosis
36
R phase
Restriction point
Cell commits to the cycle for division
37
What are the sub phases in M phase?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
38
Prophase
Condensation of chromatin and disappearance of nucleus
39
Metaphase
Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate
40
Anaphase
Chromosomes split and move to opposite poles of the cells
41
Telophase & cytokinesis
Spindle disappears, nucleus reforms and mother cell divides into two daughter cells
42
What is growth factor require for?
To initiate and maintain transition through G1 and S phase
43
How long before DNA synthesis is R point?
2-3 hours
44
What are the major checkpoint monitoring molecules?
Cycling
CDKs
p53
RB
APC
45
What is CDKs
Cyclin dependent kinases
46
What is the purpose of p53
Is a major checkpoint monitoring molecule
Mainly looking at DNA damage
47
What is RB
Retinoblastoma
48
What is APC
Anaphase promoting complex
Checkpoint monitoring molecules
49
What is cell differentiation?
Becomes specialized cells to carry out specific function
Develop special structures of lose certain structures
50
What are the types of cell death?
Cell Apoptosis
Cell Necrosis
Cell autophagy
51
What is stem cell?
The basic cell that gets differentiated into other cells
52
What is progenitor cells?
It is a type of cell on the differentiation lines
53
What is cell apoptosis
They received a signal to death (programmed cell death)
No damage to neighbouring cells
Mediated by caspase signalling
54
What is necrosis
Fluids can not get out of the cell so it gets swelling until it bursts and the cell dies
It causes damage to other cells (because of the release of products)
55
What is autophagy
There are no food for the cells, they will eat themselves to survive (they are starving)
Destroy other parts to keep the most important parts
Then they release like necrosis and can cause damage to other cells
56
Benign Tumors
When differentiated
“Working” cells mutate they form differentiated “working tumors”
57
Malignant tumors
When undifferentiated, rapidly dividing cells mutate
They form rapidly dividing tumors
58
Characteristics of Benign tumors (cells)
Similar to normal cells
59
Characteristics of Benign tumors (growth)
Relative slow
Expanding mass
60
Characteristics of Benign tumors (Spread)
Localized
61
Characteristics of Benign tumors (systemic effects)
Rare
62
Characteristics of Benign tumors (life threatening)
Only in certain locations (brain)
63
Characteristics of Malignant tumors (cells)
Varied in shape and size with large nuclei
64
Characteristics of Malignant tumors (growth)
Rapid growth
No cell adhesion
65
Characteristics of Malignant tumors (spread)
Local and distal metastasis
66
Characteristics of Malignant tumors (systemic effects)
Often
67
Characteristics of Malignant tumors (life threatening)
Yes, by tissue destruction and spread of tumors
68
Physical Characteristics of Benign Tumor
Smooth
Capsule
No necrosis
No hemorrhage
69
Physical characteristics of malignant tumors
Irregular surface
No capsule
Necrosis
Hemorrhage
70
What are the three major types of Diagnosis tools for tumors
Imaging
Tests
Scopy
71
What are treatment options in benign
Treatment may not be needed
watch and wait
surgery
radiation therapy
72
What is the treatment options for malignant tumors?
surgery
chemotherapy
radiation therapy
targeted therapy
immunotherapy
biological therapy
73
What are the imaging options?
CT
PET
MRI
74
What is CT stand for?
Computerized Tomography
75
What is CT scan?
X-ray scan from different angles and computer processed cross sectional images
76
What does PET stand for?
Positron Emission Tomography
77
What is PET scan?
Use a radioactive drug as a tracer, such as fluorodeoxyglucose
78
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
79
What is a MRI scan?
uses magnetism, radio waves and a computer to produce images
80
What is the purpose of biopsy?
It is the main way to confirm diagnosis for most types of cancer
81
What can we learn from a biopsy?
Types of Cells (B or M)
grade level if M
biomarkers
82
What are the six hallmarks of cancer?
self sufficient growth signal
resistance to anti growth signals
immortality
resistance to cell death
sustained angiogenesis
invasion and metastasis
83
How does cancer send self sufficient growth signals?
constitutively activated growth factor signalling
84
How is cancer resistance to anti growth signals?
inactivated cell cycle check point
85
How are cancer cells immortal?
they have inactivated cell death apthways
86
How is cancer resistance to cell death?
they activated anti-cell death signalling
87
How is cancer sustaining angiogenesis?
activates VEGF signalling
88
What is T in the TNM system?
size and extend of the main tumor (primary tumor)
89
What is N in the TNM system?
Number of nearby lymph nodes that have cancer
90
What is M in the TNM system?
whether the cancer has metastasized
91
What is Tx?
Main tumor cannot be measured
92
What is T0
main tumor cannot be found
93
what is T1,T2,T3,T4
refers to the size and/or extent of the main tumor
94
What is Nx?
cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured
95
What is N0?
there is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes
96
What is N1.N2,N3
refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer
97
What is Mx
metastasis cannot be measured
98
What is M0
cancer has not spread to other parts of the body
99
What is M1
cancer has spread to other parts of the body
100
What is Stage 1 cancer?
relatively small and contained within the organ in started in
101
What is stage 2 cancer?
larger than stage 1, but has not started to spread into the surrounding tissues
102
What is the stage 3 cancer?
cancer is larger have started to spread into surrounding tissues and have cancer cells in the local lymph nodes
103
What is the stage 4 cancer?
Spread from where it started to another body organ (metastasis)
104
Why do we care about stage and grade?
It helps with figuring out the prognosis
105
The higher the grade is normally associated with _____ prognosis
poorer
106
What does cancer grading show?
how likely it is going to process to the next stage (how aggressive the cancer is)
107
What is cancer can be caused by cushing's syndrome
small cell carcinoma of the lung
108
What is cancer can be caused by hypercalcemia
squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
109
What is cancer can be caused by polycythemia
renal cell carcinoma
110
What is cancer can be caused by venous thrombosis
pancreatic carcinoma
111
What is cancer can be caused by myasthenia gravis
thymoma
112
What is paraneoplastic syndromes?
A group of rare disorders triggered by an abnormal immune system response to a cancer
113
Carcinogens is
The process of how normal cells become cancerous
114
What regions does cancer cells typically form in?
Hypoxic regions
115
What is the most common type of cancer for women?
Breast cancer
116
Most common cancer in Sask is?
Lung cancer
117
What is the most common cancer in cancer?
Liquid cancers
Leukaemia —> lymphoma
118
Most common cancer for males?
Prostate
119
What is a common genetic trait with cancer cells?
Genomic Instability
120
What are some exogenous causes?
Chemical
Physical
Biological
121
What are some endogenous causes?
Oncogenes
Tumour suppressor gene
122
What are some example of chemical carcinogens?
Pesticides (PCB)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic amines
Nitrosamines
Steroid hormones
Metals and inorganic compounds
123
What are the steps of chemical carcinogenesis?
Initiation
Promotion
Conversion
Progression
Clonal expansion
124
What are some examples of physical carcinogens?
UV light
X ray
Radioactive isotopes
Nuclear bombs
Nuclear power plants accidents
125
What are examples of biological carcinogens?
Aflatoxin
Helicobacter pylori
Schistosome haematobium
Opisthorchis sinensis
Human viral carcinogens
126
What is aflatoxin?
Derived from the fungus aspergillosis flavus
Acts as a liver carcinogen
127
What is helicobacter pylori?
Bacterium in stomach
Acts as a gastric carcinogen
128
What is Schistosoma haematobium?
Parasite
Acts as a urinary bladder carcinogen
129
What is Opisthorchis sinensis?
Chinese liver fluke
Acts as a carcinogen for bile duct of the liver
130
Explain what human viral carcinogens
They are DNA and RNA oncogenic viruses
131
What type of carcinogen is aflatoxin?
Liver
132
What type of carcinogen is h. Pylori?
Gastric carcinogen
133
What type of carcinogens is Opisthorchis sinensis?
Carcinogen for bile duct of the liver
134
What type of carcinogen of Schistosoma haematobium
Urinary bladder carcinogen
135
Explain how UV light damage DNA
The UV light causes the pyrimindine to create a dimmer
This causes the DNA to kink
The body can check this and stop it
136
Examples of DNA oncogenic viruses
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
137
Examples of RNA virus
Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-1)
138
What types of genes get mutated in cancer
Oncogenes are activated
Timor suppressor genes are inactivated
139
Explain which normal function that oncogenes cells have
Cell growth
Gene transcription
Migration
Metastasis
They just are on extreme mode
140
Explain what functions are normal when tumour suppressor genes are inactivated
DNA repair
Cell cycle control
Cell death
141
What transformations of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes
Point mutation
Gene amplification
Chromosomal rearrangements
Insertion of viral oncogene
142
Explain gene amplification
Normal protein greatly overproduced
143
Explain point mutation
Hyperactive protein made in a normal amount
144
Explain what happens when there is chromosome rearrangement
Nearby regulation DNA sequence causes normal protein to be overproduced
Fusion to actively transcribe gene produces hyperactive fusion protein
145
What are somethings that the oncogenes can produce a protein that?
Too much of protein
An abnormal
That turns on all by itself
That made when it is not need
That cannot turn cell division off
That should be made by a different cell
146
What is the purpose of tumour suppressor proteins?
They keep most mutations from developing into cancer
Usually stop the division of mutated cells
147
List some tumour suppressor proteins
Cyclins
Cyclin dependent kinases
Cyclin inhibitors (p53)
148
What is the nickname for tumour suppressors?
Guardians of the genome
149
Mutation in tumour suppressor genes lead to
The mutator phenotype (mutation rate increase)
150
Examples of tumour suppressor genes
BRCA1/BRCA2
P53
PTEN
PRB
PARP
CIP2A
RSK
TTK/hMPS1
151
What is the function of BRCA1/BRCA2
DNA double strand and break repair
152
What is the function of p53
Cell cycle arrest and DNA repair
153
What is the function of PTEN
Modulation of cell proliferation
154
What is the function of pRB
Transcriptional co-repress or
155
Explain the tumour supressor genes require “two hits” for a cancer to develop
need two very rare events to both happen to get cancer so that both chromosome have the mutation
Works both with non-hereditary and hereditary
156
How does p53 work?
Senses genomic damage
Supresses cell replication and growth when there is DNA damage
Initiate cell death process if the DNA is irreparable
157
What is metastasis?
Cancer spreading to a different part of the body from where it started
158
How does cancer travel through the body?
Blood or lymph systems
159
If the cancer has spread, what is the cancer named after?
The original site (enough if there is a bigger place)
160
What is the most common areas for metastasis?
Liver
Lung
Lymph nodes
Brain
Bone
161
What are the goals of treatment?
Reduce growth and spread of cancer cells
162
What are migrastatics?
Antimetastatic and anti-invasion drugs
163
In the new location, is this a new type of cancer?
No the metastatic tumour is the same type of cancer as the primary tumour
