Cancer Flashcards
List examples of lab tests
Complete blood count
Blood protein staining
Tumour marker test
Circulating tumour cell tests (uncommon)
Give a basic explanation of complete blood count
Count the number of different types of cell in the blood
Abnormality in number or morphology
What is bone marrow biopsy used for?
Confirm blood cancer diagnosis
Explain blood protein staining
Test of abnormal immunoglobulins
Example of tumour marker tests
CA-125 for ovarian cancer
Explain circulating tumour cell tests
Test of cancer cells floating in the bloodstream
Examples of Complete Blood Count
RBC test
WCB test
Platelets Test (PLTs)
Explain what is measured in RBC test
RBC count
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Reticulocyte
Define hemoglobin
Carrying protein for O2 and CO2
Define hematocrit
Volume proportion of blood that consists of RBC
Define reticulocyte count
Count of immature RBCs
Explain what is measured in WBC test
WBC count
WBC differential
List types of WBC
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
What is measured in platelet test?
Platelet count
Mean platelet volume
Platelet distribution width
What diagnosis need blood protein staining test?
Lymphoma
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Multiple myeloma
List the electrophoretic zones
Albumin
Alpha 1 anti trypsin
Alpha 2 macro globulin
Beta 1 & beta 2 Transferrin
Gamma globulin
What is blood protein staining testing for?
Testing for abnormality in protein
Loss of proteins
What is cancer is marker Ca-125 for?
Ovarian cancer
What is the cancer with marker CD25?
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
What cancer is associated with EGFR gene mutation?
Non-small cell lung cancer
What cancer is associated with estrogen receptor marker?
Breast cancer
How is Ca125 tested by?
Immunoassay
List conditions that CA-125 will be higher?
Ovarian cancer
Endometriosis
Liver disease
Menstruation
Pregnancy
Uterine fibroids
What is a normal range of CA125?
Less than 46 U/ml
What is 70-gene signature used to predict?
Predict metastasis and recurrence of breast cancer
What is 70-gene signature used to test?
Test the activity of 70 different genes in the breast cancer tissue
What does 70-gene signature used to aid with?
Aid to early stage breast cancer treatment
What type of CTC tests are available?
Breast cancer
Colorectal
Prostate
What type of technology is used in CTC test?
Ferrofluid nano particle based technology
List cancer diagnostic imaging
Breast mammogram
CT scan
PET scan
MRI imaging
Explain what a breast mammogram
Low-dose X-ray imaging
Two images of each breast
Show abnormal areas in the breast
What is breast mammogram used to screen for?
Breast cancer
What does CT stand for?
Computerized tomography
Explain how CT scan works?
Ray scan from different angles and computer processed cross sectional images
What does PET stand for?
Positron Emission Tomography
Explain how PET scans work
Use a radioactive drug as a tracer, such as fluorodeoxyglycose (18F-FDG)
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic resonance imaging
Explain how MRI scan work
Uses magnetism, radio waves and a computer to produce images
What is the main way to diagnose cancer?
Biopsy
What is a biopsy?
Remove a piece of tissue from a pt body and analyze it in a laboratory
List type of biopsy
Bone marrow
Needle
Skin
Surgical
What is done in the analysis of the biopsy?
Confirmation of cancer
Cancer grade
Targets for targeted therapy
Example what the process of endoscopic biopsy
List the available cancer treatments
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Target therapy
Immunotherapy
Explain what surgery is for cancer?
Remove the entire tumour
What is the advantages of surgery?
Debunk a tumor
Ease cancer symptoms
Explain debunk a tumor
Remove some but not all of a tumour because entire tumour removal might damage the organ
Explain how surgery can ease cancer symptoms
Removal of tumours causing pain and pressure