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PHARM 123 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

List examples of lab tests

A

Complete blood count
Blood protein staining
Tumour marker test
Circulating tumour cell tests (uncommon)

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2
Q

Give a basic explanation of complete blood count

A

Count the number of different types of cell in the blood
Abnormality in number or morphology

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3
Q

What is bone marrow biopsy used for?

A

Confirm blood cancer diagnosis

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4
Q

Explain blood protein staining

A

Test of abnormal immunoglobulins

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5
Q

Example of tumour marker tests

A

CA-125 for ovarian cancer

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6
Q

Explain circulating tumour cell tests

A

Test of cancer cells floating in the bloodstream

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7
Q

Examples of Complete Blood Count

A

RBC test
WCB test
Platelets Test (PLTs)

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8
Q

Explain what is measured in RBC test

A

RBC count
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Reticulocyte

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9
Q

Define hemoglobin

A

Carrying protein for O2 and CO2

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10
Q

Define hematocrit

A

Volume proportion of blood that consists of RBC

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11
Q

Define reticulocyte count

A

Count of immature RBCs

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12
Q

Explain what is measured in WBC test

A

WBC count
WBC differential

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13
Q

List types of WBC

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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14
Q

What is measured in platelet test?

A

Platelet count
Mean platelet volume
Platelet distribution width

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15
Q

What diagnosis need blood protein staining test?

A

Lymphoma
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Multiple myeloma

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16
Q

List the electrophoretic zones

A

Albumin
Alpha 1 anti trypsin
Alpha 2 macro globulin
Beta 1 & beta 2 Transferrin
Gamma globulin

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17
Q

What is blood protein staining testing for?

A

Testing for abnormality in protein
Loss of proteins

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18
Q

What is cancer is marker Ca-125 for?

A

Ovarian cancer

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19
Q

What is the cancer with marker CD25?

A

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

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20
Q

What cancer is associated with EGFR gene mutation?

A

Non-small cell lung cancer

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21
Q

What cancer is associated with estrogen receptor marker?

A

Breast cancer

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22
Q

How is Ca125 tested by?

A

Immunoassay

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23
Q

List conditions that CA-125 will be higher?

A

Ovarian cancer
Endometriosis
Liver disease
Menstruation
Pregnancy
Uterine fibroids

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24
Q

What is a normal range of CA125?

A

Less than 46 U/ml

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25
What is 70-gene signature used to predict?
Predict metastasis and recurrence of breast cancer
26
What is 70-gene signature used to test?
Test the activity of 70 different genes in the breast cancer tissue
27
What does 70-gene signature used to aid with?
Aid to early stage breast cancer treatment
28
What type of CTC tests are available?
Breast cancer Colorectal Prostate
29
What type of technology is used in CTC test?
Ferrofluid nano particle based technology
30
List cancer diagnostic imaging
Breast mammogram CT scan PET scan MRI imaging
31
Explain what a breast mammogram
Low-dose X-ray imaging Two images of each breast Show abnormal areas in the breast
32
What is breast mammogram used to screen for?
Breast cancer
33
What does CT stand for?
Computerized tomography
34
Explain how CT scan works?
Ray scan from different angles and computer processed cross sectional images
35
What does PET stand for?
Positron Emission Tomography
36
Explain how PET scans work
Use a radioactive drug as a tracer, such as fluorodeoxyglycose (18F-FDG)
37
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic resonance imaging
38
Explain how MRI scan work
Uses magnetism, radio waves and a computer to produce images
39
What is the main way to diagnose cancer?
Biopsy
40
What is a biopsy?
Remove a piece of tissue from a pt body and analyze it in a laboratory
41
List type of biopsy
Bone marrow Needle Skin Surgical
42
What is done in the analysis of the biopsy?
Confirmation of cancer Cancer grade Targets for targeted therapy
43
Example what the process of endoscopic biopsy
44
List the available cancer treatments
Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Target therapy Immunotherapy
45
Explain what surgery is for cancer?
Remove the entire tumour
46
What is the advantages of surgery?
Debunk a tumor Ease cancer symptoms
47
Explain debunk a tumor
Remove some but not all of a tumour because entire tumour removal might damage the organ
48
Explain how surgery can ease cancer symptoms
Removal of tumours causing pain and pressure
49
List the types of surgery
Open Minimally invasive Cryosurgery Laser surgery Hyperthermia
50
Explain minimally invasive surgery
Through tiny incisions, no robotic and robotic surgery
51
Explain cryosurgery
Use liquid nitrogen to treat skin cancers and retinoblastoma
52
Explain when laser surgery is used
Tumours on the surface of the body
53
Explain what hyperthermia is
Radio frequency ablation
54
Explain what radiation therapy is
Apply high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and reduce tumor size
55
What is the purpose of radiation therapy?
Treatment and palliative care
56
List the types of external beam radiation therapy
Photons, protons and electrons 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)
57
Explain conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT)
Allows doctors to direct radiation beams to conform the shape of a tumor CT scan is used to provide the 3D dimension of the tumor and nearby organs Beams are arranged to avoid normal organs and target the tumor
58
Explain Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)
CT scan is used to provide the 3D dimension of the tumor and nearby organs Multiple beams are positioned for the therapy Each big beam is divided into many small beams Special software is sued to identify beam-let patterns
59
Define brachytherapy
A sealed container of radioactive material into tumours
60
List types of internal radiation therapy
Brachytherapy Radioisotope Radioimmunotherapy Radioembolization
61
Explain an example of radioisotherapy
I-131 is used for thyroid cancer
62
Explain radioimmunotherapy
Combination of radioisotopes and monoclonal antibodies
63
Explain radioembolization
Radioactive beads along with embnolization (Reduced blood supply to an organ)
64
What are two caterogories of chemotherapy?
Adjuvant chemo Neoadjuvant chemo
65
Explain when adjuvant chemo is used
Often used after primary treatments such as surgery or radiotherapy Destroy micro metastasis Prevent or reduce cancer recurring
66
Explain when neoadjuvant chemo is used
Given before the main treatment such as surgery or radiotherapy
67
Explain why chemo might be used before the main treatment
Reduce tumor size to make primary treatment easier or more effective
68
List the types of chemotherapy
DNA damaging agents Antimetabolites Antimitotics Anti tumor antibiotics DNA repair enzyme inhibitors
69
What is a class of DNA damaging agents
Alkylating agents
70
List classes of antimetabolites
Purine antagonists Pyrimidine antagonists
71
List classes of antimitotics
Taxanes and vinca alkaloids
72
List classes of anti tumor antibiotics
Intercalating agents
73
List classes of DNA repair enzyme inhibitors
PARP inhibitors
74
List classes of alkylating agents
Nitrogen mustards Nitrosoureas Platinum drugs Miscellaneous alkylating drugs
75
List nitrogen mustards
Melphalan Cyclophosphamide Ifosfamide Chlorambucil Estramustine
76
List nitrosoureas
Carmustine Lomustine Nimustine Streptozocin
77
List platinum drugs
Carboplatin Crisp Latin Oxaliplatin
78
List the miscellaneous alkylating drugs
Busulfan Procarbazine
79
MOA of nitrogen mustard alkylating agents
80
MOA of nitrosourea alkylating agents
81
MOA of streptozocin
CH3 is cleaved from the N Get a cation (carbonyl) (CH3+) It is targeted by the O6 of G Mysel group
82
Platinum alkylating agents MOA
Alkylate and cross link DNA Cell cycle non specific DNA protein cross links (rare)
83
MAO of buslfan
Remove mesylate to form R-CH2 Nonspecific alkylating agent Cause intra and inter cross link of DNA molecules
84
What is busulfan used for?
Treat chronic myelogenous leukaemia
85
Procarbazine MOA
Form methyldiazonium and methyl cation Nonspecific alkylating agent which methylates guanine at O6 May inhibit protein, RNA and DNA synthesis
86
What is Procarbazine used for?
Used to treat Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non Hodgkin’s lymphoma and gliomas
87
Explain what antimetabolites work
Prevent the biosynthesis of normal cellular metabolites Pyrimidine antimetabolites, purine antimetabolites, folic acid analogues, and other
88
MOA of cytarabine
Inhibit the conversion of cytidylic acid to 2 deoxycytidylic acid DNA-dependent DNA polymerase Miscoding due to incorporation into DNA/RNA Effective during S phase
89
Explain antimitotics - taxanes
Bind to free tubulin Produce stable microtubules Inhibit microtubule disassembly Microtubules arrange in a parallel fashion rather than a spindle
90
What is paclitaxel used for
Breast , lung and ovarian cancers
91
What is docetaxel used for?
Breast, lung, stomach, prostate and head and neck cancers
92
List the antimitotics - taxanes
Paclitaxel Docetaxel
93
What is the function of vinca alkaloids
Opposite of that for taxanes
94
MOA of vinca alkaloids
Prevent microtube polymerization
95
What is vinca alkaloids used for?
Treat cancers like Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, bladder cancer and melanoma
96
List the vinca alkaloids
Vinblastine Vincristine Vindesine Vinorelbine
97
Example of anti tumor antibiotics
Daunorubicin Doxorubicin Epirubicin Idarubicin Mitoxantrone
98
What is the risk of radiation?
There is a chance that it can cause another type of cancer
99
MOA of anthracyclines
Intercalate with DNA perpendicular to its longitudinal axis Cause single and double stranded DNA cleavage
100
What does PARP stand for
Poly (ADP -ribose) polymerase
101
Explain PARP inhibitors
Involved in DNA repair Over expressed in many types of cancer
102
MOA of PARP inhibitors
block DNA repair in cancer cells and cause cancer cell death
103
List the PARP inhibitors
Olaparib Rucaparib Niraparib Iniparib Talazoparib
104
Explain targeted therapy
Slow down cancer growth Kill cancer cells Relieve symptoms caused by cancer Small molecule agents and monoclonal antibodies
105
List the types of targeted therapy agents
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors Monoclonal antibodies Apoptosis inducing agents Angiogenesis inhibitors
106
What is the link between drug resistance in alkylating agents?
Drug resistance forms very quickly But they will forgot and can be used about 1-2 years later
107
Explain what tyrosine kinase does
Tyrosine kinase (TK) domain is present in growth factor receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and signaling protein kinases such as Ras and Raf
108
What is Imatinib used for?
Treat chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia
109
MOA of imatinib
Inhibit BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase Inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in BCR-ABL positive cells
110
MOA of gefitinib
Inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor Signalling via EGF-EGFR promotes DNA synthesis, proliferation, migration and survival
111
List tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Imatinib Gefitinib Ibrutinib
112
List monoclonal antibodies
Trastuzmab Pertuzumab T-DM1 Bevacizumab Rituximab
113
List example of apoptosis inducing agents
Bortezomab Oblimersen
114
List examples of angiogenesis inhibitors
Bevacizumab Sunitinib
115
What is gefitinib used for?
Prescribed for non-small lung cancer with EGFR exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R mutation
116
Which nucleotide does most chemo attack?
G
117
Which positions on G does most chemo attack?
N7 or O6
118
MOA of trastuzumab
Targeting Her2 Monocolonal antibody targeting Her2/new/Erbb2 proteins Binds to subdomain IV
119
What is trastuzumab used for?
Her2 - subtype breast cancer
120
What are some side effects of trastuzumab?
Chills Fever Body pain Weakness Nausea
121
Slide 55

PHARM 123 (4 decks)

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