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RMC Patho Exam 1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

A tumor is a ______ or a mass of ___ that arises because of ___

A

Swelling; cells that arises because of overgrowth

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2
Q

A neoplasm is an

A

Abnormal mass of tissue

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3
Q

Describe growth regarding a neoplasm

A

Exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue

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4
Q

Neoplasia is the

A

Process of new growth

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5
Q

Metastasis is the process of

A

Cells detaching from the original tumor mass and invading the surrounding tissue

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6
Q

How do tumors spread in mestastasis?

A

Through the blood and lymph systems

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7
Q

Carcinoma in situ is a

A

Localized preinvasive lesion

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8
Q

Anaplasia is the

A

Loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue

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9
Q

How are tumors named?

A

Add the suffix -oma to the parenchymal (the functional tissue of an organ) tissue type from which the growth originated

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10
Q

Benign tumors have lost their ability to (1)___but retained the program for (2) __

A

1) Suppress the genetic program for cell proliferation
2) Cell differentiation

meaning they grow and expand but remain localized

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11
Q

Benign tumors develop a __ which make them easier to be removed surgically

A

Fibrous capsule

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12
Q

The fibrous capsule around a benign tumor provides a

A

Line of demarcation

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13
Q

Malignant tumors have ___ cell differentiation and growth

And growth is

A

Altered

Uncoordinated

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14
Q

What problems can occur with malignant tumors?

A
  • may compress blood vessels
  • can outgrow blood supply (causes ischemia/tissue injury)
  • various types of tissue injury
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15
Q

Benign rate of growth

A

Progressive and slow - may come to standstill or regress

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16
Q

With malignant tumors, rate of growth depends on ___

____ grow more rapidly

A

The level of differentiation

Undifferentiated cells

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17
Q

3 pathways cancer can spread

A
  1. Direct invasion and extension
  2. Seeding
  3. Metastatic spread
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18
Q

In direct invasion and extension, the cells __ and __ enzymes that

A

Synthesize and secrete enzymes that breakdown proteins

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19
Q

Which pathway of cancer is crablike?

A

Direct invasion and extension

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20
Q

What happens in the seeding of cancer cells in body cavities?

A

The tumor sheds cells into body cavities

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21
Q

There are two kinds of metastatic spread

A

Lymphatic spread

Hematologic spread

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22
Q

In lymphatic spread, the first evidence of disease is

A

The presence of tumor cells in the lymph nodes that drain the tumor area

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23
Q

The sentinel node is

A

The initial lymph node to which the primary tumor drains

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24
Q

In hematologic spread, cancerous cells enter

A

The venous flow that drains from the tumor site

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25
Q

Other than venous flow, cancerous cells can also enter

A

Tumor-associated blood vessels

26
Q

Why is the liver a common site of metastasis?

A

Because the venous blood from the GI tract, pancreas and spleen passes through the portal vein to the liver

27
Q

What all does a cancer have to do to find a new home?

A
  1. Break loose
  2. Invade surrounding extracellular matrix
  3. Get into a blood vessel
  4. Survive passage
  5. Invade new tissue
  6. Grow
  7. Get new blood supply

Think of Jack on the titanic if Rose had let him on the door!

28
Q

Molecular pathogenesis starts with __ that changes cell ___ and causes __ cell to become __ cell

A

Genetic damage/mutation
Physiology
Normal cell to become cancer cell

29
Q

Proto-oncogenes are

A

Normal genes that become cancer-causing oncogenes if mutated

30
Q

What happens if a tumor suppressor gene doesn’t work?

A

Cancer is allowed to run rampant

Think of if someone left their job on conveyor belt

31
Q

There are three host factors related to cancer

A

Heredity
Hormones
Immunologic mechanisms

32
Q

An inherited mutation usually has one __ of a__ that causes the problem

People that inherit the mutated __ are born with one ___ and one ___ copy

A

Allele of a tumor suppressor gene

Gene
One normal and one mutant copy

33
Q

How many types of cancer have been found to have a hereditary predisposition?

A

Approximately 50 types

34
Q

The link between hormones and cancer is

A

Unclear

35
Q

The suggested link between hormones and cancer is that hormones drive the ____ of a ____ phenotype

A

Cell division

Malignant

36
Q

The immune surveillance hypothesis states that the ____ plays a central role in resistance against ____

A

Immune system

Development of tumors

37
Q

Immunologic mechanisms provide a means for the __ __ __ of cancers

A

Detection
Classification
Prognostic evaluation

38
Q

The ____ of the immune system might be associated with the development of cancer if it is ___

A

Surveillance capacity

Impaired

39
Q

There are three environmental factors related to cancer

A

Chemical carcinogens
Radiation
Oncogenic viruses

40
Q

What are the two types of chemical carcinogens?

A

Direct-reacting agents

Indirect-reacting agents

41
Q

________ agents do not require activation in the body to become carcinogenic

A

Direct-reacting

42
Q

_______ agents become active only after conversion

A

Indirect-reacting

43
Q

Indirect-reacting agents are also called

A

Procarcinogens or initiators

44
Q

Examples of chemical carcinogens are

A

Alcohol
Nicotine
High fat diet

45
Q

The type of cancer that develops from radiation exposure depends on

A
  • The dose of radiation
  • Person’s gender
  • Age when exposure occurred
46
Q

Oncogenic viruses enter (1) and become incorporated into its (2), then takes control of (3) for the purpose of (4)

A

1) A host cell
2) Chromosomal DNA
3) The cell’s machinery
4) Producing viral proteins

47
Q

4 DNA viruses have been identified in human cancers

A

The human papillomavirus (HPV)
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Human herpesvirus-8

48
Q

The only RNA virus known to cause cancer in humans is

A

Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus-1 (HTLV-1)

49
Q

Clinical manifestations reflect

A

The primary site of involvment

50
Q

Local manifestations are

A

Clinical manifestations

51
Q

Generalized manifestations and symptoms are

A

Unrelated to tumor site

52
Q

Paraneoplastic symptoms are

A

Generalized manifestations

53
Q

What are signs that a tumor is growing?

A 
Blood vessels are compressed and eroded
Ulceration and necrosis
Flank bleeding
Hemorrhage
A sore or wound doesn't heal
54
Q

Effusion is where

A

Fluid develops in spaces

55
Q

Effusion develops in what three spaces?

A

Pleural
Pericardial
Peritoneal

56
Q

The most common causes of malignant pleural effusions are

A

Lung cancers
Breast cancers
Lymphomas

57
Q

Common signs of ovarian cancer are

A

Abdominal discomfort
Swelling/increase in abdominal girth
SOB
Increased urinary urgency/frequency

58
Q

Some manifestations of cancer are not directly linked to the presence of a tumor but to

A

Altered metabolic pathways and presence of circulating cytokines and other mediators

59
Q

Anemia may be related to

May be secondary to

A

Blood loss
Hemolysis
Decreased RBC production

Treatments

60
Q

Anorexia and cachexia are characterized by

A

Decreased food intake
Decreased taste
Muscle wasting

61
Q

Anorexia and cachexia are due to

A

Hypermetabolic state and altered nutrition metabolism

62
Q

Fatigue and sleep are due to

Not relieved by

Can last for

A

Cancer and treatment

Sleep or rest

Months or years after treatment

RMC Patho Exam 1 (4 decks)

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