What is the key word for each of the following? 1. Atrophy 2. Hypertrophy 3. Hyperplasia 4. Metaplasia 5. Dysplasia

1. Small 2. Big 3. Many 4. Replaced 5. Deranged

Give examples of each regarding hypertrophy 1. Normal physiological response 2. Abnormal pathological response

1. Increased muscle mass due to working out 2. Adaptive - Left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension Compensatory - An organ enlarges when the other is removed

Cellular Adaption, Injury, and Death Flashcards by Kaelin Alumbaugh

What happens if cells can’t adapt?

Cell injury and possibly cell death

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the types of cellular adaptation?

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the key word for each of the following?

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

Small
Big
Many
Replaced
Deranged

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens to cause atrophy?

Decrease in work demand

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does atrophy help?

It causes a lower, more efficient level of functioning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the five general causes of atrophy? Give an example

Disuse - plaster cast
Denervation - paralysis
Loss of endocrine stimulation - menopause (loss of estrogen stimulation)
Inadequate Nutrition - malnutrition
Ischemia (decreased blood flow)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During atrophy, what is reduced?

Oxygen consumption and cellular function

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypertrophy happens because of

An increased workload

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During hypertrophy there is an increase in

Cell size and tissue mass

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is hypertrophy commonly seen?

Cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypertrophy is a normal __ response but an abnormal __ response

Physiologic; pathologic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two types of abnormal pathological responses in hypertrophy?

Adaptive or compensatory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give examples of each regarding hypertrophy

Normal physiological response
Abnormal pathological response

Increased muscle mass due to working out
Adaptive - Left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension
Compensatory - An organ enlarges when the other is removed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During hypertrophy, what is synthesized

Actin and myosin filaments
Cell enzymes
ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In regards to hypertrophy, what happens if the cells keep expanding?

A point is reached where the the tissue mass cannot compensate for the increased work demands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hyperplasia is the

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hyperplasia occurs in (give examples)

Tissues capable of mitotic division

Epidermis, intestinal epithelium, glandular tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hyperplasia involves the activation of

Genes that control cell proliferation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of physiologic hyperplasia

Examples of nonphysiologic hyperplasia

Breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy

Excessive estrogen production can cause edometrial hyperplasia and abnormal menstrual bleeding; skin warts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Metaplasia is where

The cell type is replaced with another

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Metaplasia is reversible or irreversible

Reversible

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Metaplasia is usually in response to

Chronic irritation and inflammation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Metaplasia involves

The reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of metaplasia

Substitution in trachea and large airways of a habitual smoker; Cervix changes due to hormones in puberty or chronic irritation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dysplasia is the

Deranged cell growth that results in varying size, shape, and organization

Dysplasia is a precursor of what?

Cancer

Dysplasia is associated with

Chronic irritation and inflammation

Examples of dysplasia

Dysplasia of the cervix (monitored by pap smears) Dysplasia of blood forming cells (increased number of immature cells in bone marrow and decreased number of mature cells in blood)

Pathologic calcification is the

Abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue

Pathologic calcifications are either

Dystrophic or Metastatic

Dystrophic calcification is

Calcium deposits in dead or dying tissues

Metastatic calcification is

Calcium deposits in normal tissue

Which calcification type is visible to the naked eye?

Dystrophic calcification

In dystrophic calcification, the components of the deposits come from

Bodies of dead or dying cells, circulation, and interstitial fluid

Dystrophic calcification is commonly seen in

Advanced atherosclerosis

Metastatic calcification is due to

Increased calcium levels (hypercalcemia)

The major causes of hypercalcemia are

Hyperparathyroidism Increased mobilization of calcium from bone Vitamin D intoxication

What are the three major mechanisms of cell injury

Free Radical Injury Hypoxic Cell Injury Impaired Calcium Homeostasis

Free radicals are an

Unstable and highly reactive chemical species

Why do free radicals react with molecules

No purpose

Free radicals react with

Proteins Lipids Carbs

How do free radicals harm cells?

Damage cell membrane Inactivate enzymes Damage nucleic acids that make up DNA

Free radicals can lead to

Mutations in the cell structure and function; and premature cell death

Free radicals can be derived from They are known as

Oxygen Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Oxidative stress is

A condition that occurs when the generation of ROS exceeds the ability of the body to neutralize and eliminate them

Oxidative

Oxidation

Hypoxic cell injury is where Which causes an

The cell is deprived of oxygen Interruption of oxidative metabolism and generation of ATP

Which organs require a lot of oxygen to perform?

Heart Brain Kidneys

How long can the brain go without oxygen?

4-6 Minutes

Causes of hypoxia are

``` Not enough oxygen in the air Respiratory disease Ischemia Anemia Edema Inability of the cells to use oxygen ```

Ischemia is the impaired ___ plus the impaired __

Oxygen delivery | Removal of metabolic end products

Ischemia affects __ and produces __

Blood vessels | Local tissue injury

Hypoxia causes __ that effects __

A power failure in the cell | Cell's structure and function

During hypoxia, the cell reverts to __ and __ accumulates causing __

Anaerobic metabolism Lactic acid pH to fall

During hypoxia, there is reduced __ which causes ___; the ___ decreases and ___ increases causing the cell to __

``` ATP Failure of the Na+/K+-ATPase membrane pump Intracellular K+ Na+ and water Swell ```

What is an important messenger for many cell responses?

Calcium

Normally, intracellular calcium is

Low

Ischemia and certain toxins lead to __ due to __. This activates __

An increase in cytosolic calcium Influx leading to the release of calcium from intracellular stores Enzymes which can be damaging

What are the two patterns of reversible cell injury Which is more serious?

``` Cellular swelling Fatty change (more serious) ```

What happens when the Na+/K+=ATPase membrane pump fails?

Na+ and water move into the cell which causes it to swell

What can cause a fatty change?

Increased fat load or the inability to metabolize fat

Fatty change most often occurs

In the liver

What are the different types of cell deaths?

Apoptosis Necrosis Gangrene

Apoptosis is

Programmed cell death

How does apoptosis work?

It eliminates aging and injured cells and controls tissue regeneration

Physiological examples of apoptosis

``` Embryonic development Hormone related ( menstrual cycle, breastfeeding, excessive cell proliferation) ```

Pathological examples of apoptosis

``` Carcinogenesis Neurodegenerative disorders ( Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS) ```

Necrosis is

Cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organism

What happens with necrosis

Loss of cell membrane integrity | Enzymes breakdown cell parts and triggers inflammatory response

What are the types of necrosis?

Liquefactive necrosis Coagulative necrosis Caseous necrosis

In liquefactive necrosis __ Example

Enzymes are not destroyed Abscess center with discharge

In coagulative necrosis __ Looks like Example

Acidosis (buildup of acid in bloodstream) develops denatured(breaking down) cell proteins Gray, firm mass Hypoxic injury and infarction

Caseous necrosis is the Looks like Example

Infiltration of fat-like substance Cheesy material Tuberculosis

Gangrene is when

A considerable mass undergoes necrosis

What are the different types of gangrene?

Dry gangrene Moist/wet gangrene Gas gangrene

Characteristics of dry gangrene

Becomes dry, shrinks, skin wrinkles, turns dark brown/black

Characteristics of moist/wet gangrene

Area is cold, swollen, pulseless; skin is moist, black, blebs form, and a foul odor due to bacterial action

Moist/wet gangrene is due to

Venous blood flow interference

Gas gangrene is due to

Clostridium bacteria ad trauma with open fractures exposed to dirt

In gas gangrene, what forms in the muscle?

Hydrogen sulfide gas bubbles