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RMC Patho Exam 1 > Cellular Adaption, Injury, and Death > Flashcards

Cellular Adaption, Injury, and Death Flashcards

1
Q

What happens if cells can’t adapt?

A

Cell injury and possibly cell death

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2
Q

What are the types of cellular adaptation?

A 
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
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3
Q

What is the key word for each of the following?

  1. Atrophy
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Hyperplasia
  4. Metaplasia
  5. Dysplasia
A
  1. Small
  2. Big
  3. Many
  4. Replaced
  5. Deranged
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4
Q

What happens to cause atrophy?

A

Decrease in work demand

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5
Q

How does atrophy help?

A

It causes a lower, more efficient level of functioning

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6
Q

What are the five general causes of atrophy? Give an example

A
  1. Disuse - plaster cast
  2. Denervation - paralysis
  3. Loss of endocrine stimulation - menopause (loss of estrogen stimulation)
  4. Inadequate Nutrition - malnutrition
  5. Ischemia (decreased blood flow)
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7
Q

During atrophy, what is reduced?

A

Oxygen consumption and cellular function

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8
Q

Hypertrophy happens because of

A

An increased workload

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9
Q

During hypertrophy there is an increase in

A

Cell size and tissue mass

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10
Q

Where is hypertrophy commonly seen?

A

Cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue

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11
Q

Hypertrophy is a normal __ response but an abnormal __ response

A

Physiologic; pathologic

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12
Q

What are the two types of abnormal pathological responses in hypertrophy?

A

Adaptive or compensatory

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13
Q

Give examples of each regarding hypertrophy

  1. Normal physiological response
  2. Abnormal pathological response
A
  1. Increased muscle mass due to working out
  2. Adaptive - Left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension
    Compensatory - An organ enlarges when the other is removed
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14
Q

During hypertrophy, what is synthesized

A

Actin and myosin filaments
Cell enzymes
ATP

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15
Q

In regards to hypertrophy, what happens if the cells keep expanding?

A

A point is reached where the the tissue mass cannot compensate for the increased work demands

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16
Q

Hyperplasia is the

A

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

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17
Q

Hyperplasia occurs in (give examples)

A

Tissues capable of mitotic division

Epidermis, intestinal epithelium, glandular tissue

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18
Q

Hyperplasia involves the activation of

A

Genes that control cell proliferation

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19
Q

Examples of physiologic hyperplasia

Examples of nonphysiologic hyperplasia

A

Breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy

Excessive estrogen production can cause edometrial hyperplasia and abnormal menstrual bleeding; skin warts

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20
Q

Metaplasia is where

A

The cell type is replaced with another

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21
Q

Metaplasia is reversible or irreversible

A

Reversible

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22
Q

Metaplasia is usually in response to

A

Chronic irritation and inflammation

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23
Q

Metaplasia involves

A

The reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells

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24
Q

Examples of metaplasia

A

Substitution in trachea and large airways of a habitual smoker; Cervix changes due to hormones in puberty or chronic irritation

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25
Q

Dysplasia is the

A

Deranged cell growth that results in varying size, shape, and organization

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26
Q

Dysplasia is a precursor of what?

A

Cancer

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27
Q

Dysplasia is associated with

A

Chronic irritation and inflammation

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28
Q

Examples of dysplasia

A

Dysplasia of the cervix (monitored by pap smears)
Dysplasia of blood forming cells (increased number of immature cells in bone marrow and decreased number of mature cells in blood)

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29
Q

Pathologic calcification is the

A

Abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue

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30
Q

Pathologic calcifications are either

A

Dystrophic or Metastatic

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31
Q

Dystrophic calcification is

A

Calcium deposits in dead or dying tissues

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32
Q

Metastatic calcification is

A

Calcium deposits in normal tissue

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33
Q

Which calcification type is visible to the naked eye?

A

Dystrophic calcification

34
Q

In dystrophic calcification, the components of the deposits come from

A

Bodies of dead or dying cells, circulation, and interstitial fluid

35
Q

Dystrophic calcification is commonly seen in

A

Advanced atherosclerosis

36
Q

Metastatic calcification is due to

A

Increased calcium levels (hypercalcemia)

37
Q

The major causes of hypercalcemia are

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Increased mobilization of calcium from bone
Vitamin D intoxication

38
Q

What are the three major mechanisms of cell injury

A

Free Radical Injury
Hypoxic Cell Injury
Impaired Calcium Homeostasis

39
Q

Free radicals are an

A

Unstable and highly reactive chemical species

40
Q

Why do free radicals react with molecules

A

No purpose

41
Q

Free radicals react with

A

Proteins
Lipids
Carbs

42
Q

How do free radicals harm cells?

A

Damage cell membrane
Inactivate enzymes
Damage nucleic acids that make up DNA

43
Q

Free radicals can lead to

A

Mutations in the cell structure and function; and premature cell death

44
Q

Free radicals can be derived from

They are known as

A

Oxygen

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

45
Q

Oxidative stress is

A

A condition that occurs when the generation of ROS exceeds the ability of the body to neutralize and eliminate them

46
Q

Oxidative

A

Oxidation

47
Q

Hypoxic cell injury is where

Which causes an

A

The cell is deprived of oxygen

Interruption of oxidative metabolism and generation of ATP

48
Q

Which organs require a lot of oxygen to perform?

A

Heart
Brain
Kidneys

49
Q

How long can the brain go without oxygen?

A

4-6 Minutes

50
Q

Causes of hypoxia are

A 
Not enough oxygen in the air
Respiratory disease
Ischemia
Anemia
Edema
Inability of the cells to use oxygen
51
Q

Ischemia is the impaired ___ plus the impaired __

A

Oxygen delivery

Removal of metabolic end products

52
Q

Ischemia affects __ and produces __

A

Blood vessels

Local tissue injury

53
Q

Hypoxia causes __ that effects __

A

A power failure in the cell

Cell’s structure and function

54
Q

During hypoxia, the cell reverts to __ and __ accumulates causing __

A

Anaerobic metabolism
Lactic acid
pH to fall

55
Q

During hypoxia, there is reduced __ which causes ___; the ___ decreases and ___ increases causing the cell to __

A 
ATP
Failure of the Na+/K+-ATPase membrane pump
Intracellular K+
Na+ and water
Swell
56
Q

What is an important messenger for many cell responses?

A

Calcium

57
Q

Normally, intracellular calcium is

A

Low

58
Q

Ischemia and certain toxins lead to __ due to __. This activates __

A

An increase in cytosolic calcium
Influx leading to the release of calcium from intracellular stores
Enzymes which can be damaging

59
Q

What are the two patterns of reversible cell injury

Which is more serious?

A 
Cellular swelling
Fatty change (more serious)
60
Q

What happens when the Na+/K+=ATPase membrane pump fails?

A

Na+ and water move into the cell which causes it to swell

61
Q

What can cause a fatty change?

A

Increased fat load or the inability to metabolize fat

62
Q

Fatty change most often occurs

A

In the liver

63
Q

What are the different types of cell deaths?

A

Apoptosis
Necrosis
Gangrene

64
Q

Apoptosis is

A

Programmed cell death

65
Q

How does apoptosis work?

A

It eliminates aging and injured cells and controls tissue regeneration

66
Q

Physiological examples of apoptosis

A 
Embryonic development
Hormone related ( menstrual cycle, breastfeeding, excessive cell proliferation)
67
Q

Pathological examples of apoptosis

A 
Carcinogenesis
Neurodegenerative disorders ( Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS)
68
Q

Necrosis is

A

Cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organism

69
Q

What happens with necrosis

A

Loss of cell membrane integrity

Enzymes breakdown cell parts and triggers inflammatory response

70
Q

What are the types of necrosis?

A

Liquefactive necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
Caseous necrosis

71
Q

In liquefactive necrosis __

Example

A

Enzymes are not destroyed

Abscess center with discharge

72
Q

In coagulative necrosis __

Looks like

Example

A

Acidosis (buildup of acid in bloodstream) develops denatured(breaking down) cell proteins

Gray, firm mass

Hypoxic injury and infarction

73
Q

Caseous necrosis is the

Looks like

Example

A

Infiltration of fat-like substance

Cheesy material

Tuberculosis

74
Q

Gangrene is when

A

A considerable mass undergoes necrosis

75
Q

What are the different types of gangrene?

A

Dry gangrene
Moist/wet gangrene
Gas gangrene

76
Q

Characteristics of dry gangrene

A

Becomes dry, shrinks, skin wrinkles, turns dark brown/black

77
Q

Characteristics of moist/wet gangrene

A

Area is cold, swollen, pulseless; skin is moist, black, blebs form, and a foul odor due to bacterial action

78
Q

Moist/wet gangrene is due to

A

Venous blood flow interference

79
Q

Gas gangrene is due to

A

Clostridium bacteria ad trauma with open fractures exposed to dirt

80
Q

In gas gangrene, what forms in the muscle?

A

Hydrogen sulfide gas bubbles

RMC Patho Exam 1 (4 decks)

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