Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Path Gen 1 > Neoplasia 1 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

characteristic features of neoplasm

A

new growth, uncontrolled proliferation, no useful function, lacks organization/arrangement (continuous growth after stimulus removal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

increased growth with normal arrangement -> reversible, proliferation ceases when stimulus removed

A

hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

replacement of one fully differentiated cell type by another fully differentiated cell type -> reversible

A

metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pathologic alteration in cell size, shape, organization (primarily within epithelium) -> loss cellular uniformity and architectural organization

A

dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

marked dysplastic change involving entire thickness of epithelium (pre-invasive malignant neoplasm)

A

carcinoma in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

this pathological condition/tissue change is considered pre-cancerous

A

dysplasia (loss cell uniformity and architectural organization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

this neoplasm has altered, but regular architecture and monomorphic cells

A

benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cells found in benign neoplasm

A

monomorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

this delimits benign neoplasm from surrounding tissue (prevents from invasion)

A

BM, fibrous CT capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

parenchyma composed of multiple tissues derived from multiple embryonic germ cell layers

A

teratoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what gives rise to teratoma?

A

totipotential cells (clonal proliferation of multipotent cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

these benign neoplasm aspects are better differentiated than malignant

A

cell morphology, tissue architecture, function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

this gives rise to mixed cell neoplasm

A

single embryonic germ cell layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

exceptions to clonal proliferation neoplasms (don’t arise from just one cell)

A

teratoma, mixed cell neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

this correlates with degree of differentiation during growth of malignant neoplasm

A

rate of growth (fast growth = really undifferentiated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

this is proliferating neoplastic cells

A

parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

this is supporting tissue of neoplasm

A

stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

two main components of neoplasm

A

parenchyma and stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

stroma proliferate as part of the tumor -> can cause fibrosis and scar tissue formation

A

desmoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tumor that has grossly firm consistency -> due to abundance of scar tissue

A

scirrhous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

this occurs as a result of stimulation of surrounding stroma

A

desmoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

this makes up stroma of neoplasm

A

CT, blood vessels, possibly lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

germ layer for fibrous CT, adipose, bone/cartilage, synovium, muscle, endothelial cells and related tissue (Blood vessels), blood cells

A

mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

malignant form of epithelial (ectoderm/endoderm) neoplasm

A

carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

malignant mesodermal/mesenchymal neoplasm

A

sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

neoplasm: cell of origin + -oma

A

mesenchymal benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

neoplasm: cell or origin/structure + adenoma

A

epithelial/glandular benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

epithelial/glandular maglinant neoplasm

A

adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

is melanoma malignant or benign?

A

malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

is seminoma malignant or benign?

A

malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

neoplasms that are named as benign, but are actually malignant

A

melanoma, seminoma, lymphoma, hepatoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

two conditions that are non-neoplastic uncontrolled growth/unusual mass -> developmental

A

Choristoma and Hamartoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

mass of tissue that is same as tissue around it (non-neoplastic)

A

hamartoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

mass of specific type of tissue located in another area (hepatic tissue in lung)

A

Choristoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

microscopic features of benign neoplasm

A

well differentiated, homogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

microscopic features of malignant neoplasm

A

un/poorly differentiated, anaplasia, pleomorphism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

characteristic of anaplasia

A

cellular polymorphism and abnormal architecture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

characterized by cellular pleomorphism and abnormal architecture (loss polarity and features)

A

anaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

nuclear features of anaplasia

A

hyperchromasia, increased nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio, increased/enlarged nucleoli, increased/bizarre mitotic figures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

cytoplasmic features of anaplasia

A

basophilia

41
Q

two most reliable criteria for differentiating benign and malignant neoplasms

A

metastasis and local invasion

42
Q

these display cytologic features of malignancy without invasion of BM

A

carcinomas in situ

43
Q

primary/initial route for metastasis of carcinoma

A

lymphatics (# lymph nodes involved = severity)

44
Q

principle/sole route for metastasis of sarcoma

A

hematogenous

45
Q

secondary route for metastasis of carcinoma

A

hematogenous

46
Q

tissues that are derived from mesoderm -> give rise to sarcomas

A

CT, synovium, mesothelium, meninges, muscle, EC/BV, blood cells

47
Q

benign neoplasia on epithelia

A

papilloma

48
Q

benign neoplasia of epithelia surrounding lumina

A

polyps

49
Q

this displays cytologic features of malignancy without invasion of BM

A

carcinomas in situ

50
Q

malignant, soft tissue tumor around the knee

A

synovial sarcoma (but not really of synovium)

51
Q

cells that have escaped normal growth regulation to proliferate autonomously

A

neoplasms (benign or malignant)

52
Q

proliferation in absence of growth promoting signals or in spite of growth inhibitory signals

A

autonomous growth

53
Q

tissues that are most likely to cause cancer

A

skin, mucosal/ductal epithelium (lung, breast, colon), bone marrow (leukemia, lymphoma)

54
Q

most common causes of DNA damage

A

mutation, rearrangement of elements, gene reduplication

55
Q

target genes in neoplasm are involved in these processes

A

growth regulation or control DNA transcription

56
Q

target genes in neoplasm typically target these kinds of proteins

A

GF, GFR, signal transduction mechanism (RAS), kinase cascade elements, transcription elements

57
Q

tumor suppressor genes (keep cells from replicating if they have damaged DNA)

A

p53 and Rb

58
Q

damage/mutation to this tumor suppressor gene is involved in most visceral cancers

A

p53

59
Q

tumor suppressor gene involved in retinoblastoma formation

A

Rb

60
Q

damage to relevant genes (growth regulation/control of DNA transcription)

A

initiation of neoplasm

61
Q

expression of damaged relevant genes

A

promotion of neoplasm

62
Q

what must tumor cells have ability for in order to metastasize? what occurs if cell doesn’t have these properties?

A

ability to move, lyse ECM, adhere to cell types (like endothelium); stable, benign mass

63
Q

7 steps needed for malignant cancer to form

A

potential to divide, mechanism DNA damage, damage relevant genes, inhibition tumor suppressor mechanisms, proliferation damaged cells, angiogenesis, ability metastasize

64
Q

allows for escape from normal growth regulation in neoplasm formation/oncogenesis

A

non-lethal genetic alterations

65
Q

main mechanisms for DNA damage

A

chemical carcinogens, radiation, chronic inflammation, viral oncogenes

66
Q

are neoplasms monoclonal, oligoclonal, or polyclonal?

A

monoclonal (all cells originate from single cell)

67
Q

non-neoplastic cell changes to neoplastic cell (attainment of capacity of autonomous growth)

A

transformation

68
Q

cells considered transformed in vitro when they can do these things

A

grow w/o addition GF, continually proliferating colonies that override normal contact inhibition signals (no contact inhibition, soft agar growth, 3D colony not monolayer)

69
Q

this allows tumors to be visualized in PET

A

glucose hunger

70
Q

these are secreted in angiogenesis of tumor; what induces it?

A

VEGF, basic-FGF; hypoxic state

71
Q

sources of angiogenic factors (VEGF, FGF)

A

hypoxic tumor, ECM-metalloproteinases, MP (in inflammation)

72
Q

characteristics of new blood vessels formed in angiogenesis of tumor; angiogenesis also has positive correlation with these factors

A

tortuous, leaky, poor blood flow; poorer prognosis, tumor growth, metastasis

73
Q

anti-angiogenic factors

A

thrombospondin-1, angiostatin (cleave plasminogen), endostatin and tumstatin (cleave collagen)

74
Q

abdominal sarcoma typically metastasizes here

A

liver

75
Q

these can help in decreasing cohesiveness of tumor cells to clonal population

A

downregulation E-cadherin, mutations in catenins

76
Q

tumor cells linked to cytoskeleton by these -> transduction molecules underneath plasma membrane

A

catenins

77
Q

these are responsible for homotypic adhesion of tumor cells in clonal population

A

cadherins

78
Q

surface molecule expressed in almost all malignant melanomas

A

MAGE

79
Q

these immune cells are important in viral induced cancers

A

CD8

80
Q

why are NK cells good to killing cancer cells?

A

down regulated MHC I expression

81
Q

potential antigens of tumor immunology

A

mutated genes (onco, tumor suppressor), overexpressed proteins, tumor antigens produced by oncogenic virus, oncofetal antigens, altered surface lipids/proteins

82
Q

tumor mechanisms of escape from immune system

A

loss MHC, no co-stimulation, immunosuppression, antigen masking, apoptosis CD8

83
Q

overproduction of molecule that isn’t normal product of that cell -> ectopic hormone production, hypercalcemia, neuromyopathic, ancanthosis nigracans, clubbing, migratory thrombophlebitis

A

paraneoplastic syndrome

84
Q

this cancer has high correlation with hypercalcemia (paraneoplastic syndrome)

A

squamous cell carcinoma

85
Q

examples of paraneoplastic syndrome

A

ectopic hormone production, hypercalcemia, neuromyopathic, ancanthosis nigricans, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, migratory thrombophlebitis

86
Q

cancer associated with migratory thrombophlebitis

A

pancreatic cancer

87
Q

single most important sign of undiscovered tumor; what is it caused by?

A

cachexia (unexplained weight loss in last 6 mo); overproduction TNF

88
Q

CEA is tumor marker for these cancers

A

colon, hepatocellular carcinoma

89
Q

a-fetoprotein is tumor marker for this cancer

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

90
Q

CA-125 is tumor marker for this cancer

A

ovarian

91
Q

assessing degree of invasion and metastasis ->most important thing for prognosis

A

staging

92
Q

assesses the degree of differentiation (microscopic) -> scale of 1-4, higher the score the less the differentiation and worse the prognosis

A

grading

93
Q

look for these gene RAR to asses monoclonality (vs oligo or polyclonal)

A

T cell receptor, Ig gene RAR, Ig synthesis (multiple myeloma)

94
Q

biopsy for immediate diagnosis

A

frozen section

95
Q

top 5 cancers for men (occurrence)

A

prostate, lung/bronchus, colon/rectum, urinary bladder, melanoma

96
Q

top 5 cancers for women (occurrence)

A

breast, lung/bronchus, colon/rectum, uterine corpus, thyroid

97
Q

top 5 cancer deaths for men

A

lung/bronchus, prostate, colon/rectum, pancreas, liver/intrahepatic bile duct

98
Q

top 5 cancer deaths for women

A

lung/bronchus, breast, colon/rectum, pancreas, ovary

99
Q

top 5 cancers for children (occurrence)

A

leukemia/acute lymphocytic, brain/neuroblastoma, soft tissue, non-hodgkin lymphoma, kidney/renal pelvis

Path Gen 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions