Neoplasia 1 Flashcards
Define malignant neoplasm
Abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed and invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites
Define neoplasm
Abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed.
What is a tumour?
Any clinically detectable lump or swelling
What is a cancer?
Any malignant neoplasm
What is metastasis?
A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site.
What is dysplasia?
A pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation. Not neoplastic because the change is reversible.
Give two non-neoplastic tumours
Abscess
Haemotoma
What does a benign tumour look like to the naked eye?
Grows in a confined local area and so have a pushing outer margin.
Features of a malignant tumour to the naked eye?
Irregular outer margin and shape. May show areas of necrosis and ulceration if on a surface.
Is a benign tumour well or poorly differentiated?
Well differentiated
Is a malignant tumour well or poorly differentiated?
Range from well to poorly
What does it mean if cells are anaplastic?
They show no resemblance to any tissue
Features of poorly differentiated cells?
Increased nuclear size to cytoplasmic ratio (nuclear hyperchromasia)
More mitotic figures
Increasing variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei (pleomorphism)
What are the classifications of the degree of variation?
Grades
Grade 1 is well differentiated while grade 3 is poorly differentiated.
Grade 1 has a higher survival rate
What is neoplasia caused by?
Accumulated mutations in somatic cells
What are initiators?
Mutagenic agents which cause mutations
What are promoters?
Cause cell proliferation in cancer.
What does monoclonal mean?
Group of cells produced from a single ancestral cell by repeated cellular replication.
What are the main initiators?
Chemicals
Infections
Radiation
What do benign neoplasms end in?
-oma
What do malignant epithelial neoplasms end in?
-carcinoma
What do stromal malignant neoplasms end in?
-sarcoma
What does it mean if a carcinoma is in situ?
There has been no invasion of the epithelial basement membrane
What is leukaemia?
A malignant neoplasm of blood forming cells arising in the bone marrow.
What is a lymphoma?
A malignant neoplasm of lymphocytes, mainly affecting lymph nodes
What do germ cell neoplasms arise from?
Pluripotent cells, mainly in the testis or ovary.
Where do neuroendocrine tumours arise from?
Cells distributed throughout the body.
What is a -blastoma?
A neoplasm which occurs mainly in children and is formed from immature precursor cells.
What is a papilloma?
Any tumour with finger-like projections
What is a benign neoplasm of stratified squamous epithelium called?
Squamous papilloma
What is a benign tumour of glandular epithelium called?
Adenoma
What is a benign neoplasm of transitional epithelium called?
Transitional cell papilloma
Name of a malignant neoplasm of stratified squamous epithelium?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Name of a transitional epithelium malignant neoplasm?
Transitional cell carcinoma
Name of malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelium?
Adenocarcinoma
Benign neoplasm of smooth muscle?
Leiomyoma
Benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue
Fibroma
Benign neoplasm of bone?
Osteoma
Benign neoplasm of cartilage?
Chondroma
Benign neoplasm of fat?
Lipoma
Benign neoplasm of nerves
Neuroma
Benign neoplasm of nerve sheath
Neurofibroma
Benign neoplasm of glial cells
Glioma
Malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle
Leiomyosarcoma
Malignant neoplasm of bone
Osteosarcoma
Malignant neoplasm of fibrous tissue
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant neoplasm of cartilage
Chondrosarcoma
Malignant neoplasm of fat
Liposarcoma
Malignant neoplasm of glial cells
Malignant glioma
Give some germ cell neoplasms of the testis and ovary
Testis:
Malignant teratoma
Seminoma (malignant)
Ovary Benign teratoma (dermoid cyst)
Neoplasm for adrenal glands?
Phaeochromocytoma
How do we know neoplasms are monoclonal?
Study of G6PD in tumour tissue in women.
Has several alleles encoding different isoenzymes.
Early in female embryogenesis, one allele is inactivated in each cell (lyonisation)
Heterozygous women who have two different enzymes, normal tissues have a patchwork of each type.
Neoplastic tissues only express one isoenzymes indicating a monoclonal group of cells.
