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Mechanisms Of Disease > Neoplasia 1 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Define malignant neoplasm

A

Abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed and invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites

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1
Q

Define neoplasm

A

Abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed.

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2
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Any clinically detectable lump or swelling

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3
Q

What is a cancer?

A

Any malignant neoplasm

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4
Q

What is metastasis?

A

A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site.

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5
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

A pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation. Not neoplastic because the change is reversible.

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6
Q

Give two non-neoplastic tumours

A

Abscess

Haemotoma

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7
Q

What does a benign tumour look like to the naked eye?

A

Grows in a confined local area and so have a pushing outer margin.

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8
Q

Features of a malignant tumour to the naked eye?

A

Irregular outer margin and shape. May show areas of necrosis and ulceration if on a surface.

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9
Q

Is a benign tumour well or poorly differentiated?

A

Well differentiated

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10
Q

Is a malignant tumour well or poorly differentiated?

A

Range from well to poorly

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11
Q

What does it mean if cells are anaplastic?

A

They show no resemblance to any tissue

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12
Q

Features of poorly differentiated cells?

A

Increased nuclear size to cytoplasmic ratio (nuclear hyperchromasia)
More mitotic figures
Increasing variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei (pleomorphism)

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13
Q

What are the classifications of the degree of variation?

A

Grades
Grade 1 is well differentiated while grade 3 is poorly differentiated.
Grade 1 has a higher survival rate

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14
Q

What is neoplasia caused by?

A

Accumulated mutations in somatic cells

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15
Q

What are initiators?

A

Mutagenic agents which cause mutations

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16
Q

What are promoters?

A

Cause cell proliferation in cancer.

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17
Q

What does monoclonal mean?

A

Group of cells produced from a single ancestral cell by repeated cellular replication.

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18
Q

What are the main initiators?

A

Chemicals
Infections
Radiation

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19
Q

What do benign neoplasms end in?

A

-oma

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20
Q

What do malignant epithelial neoplasms end in?

A

-carcinoma

21
Q

What do stromal malignant neoplasms end in?

A

-sarcoma

22
Q

What does it mean if a carcinoma is in situ?

A

There has been no invasion of the epithelial basement membrane

23
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

A malignant neoplasm of blood forming cells arising in the bone marrow.

24
Q

What is a lymphoma?

A

A malignant neoplasm of lymphocytes, mainly affecting lymph nodes

25
Q

What do germ cell neoplasms arise from?

A

Pluripotent cells, mainly in the testis or ovary.

26
Q

Where do neuroendocrine tumours arise from?

A

Cells distributed throughout the body.

27
Q

What is a -blastoma?

A

A neoplasm which occurs mainly in children and is formed from immature precursor cells.

28
Q

What is a papilloma?

A

Any tumour with finger-like projections

29
Q

What is a benign neoplasm of stratified squamous epithelium called?

A

Squamous papilloma

30
Q

What is a benign tumour of glandular epithelium called?

A

Adenoma

31
Q

What is a benign neoplasm of transitional epithelium called?

A

Transitional cell papilloma

32
Q

Name of a malignant neoplasm of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

33
Q

Name of a transitional epithelium malignant neoplasm?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

34
Q

Name of malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelium?

A

Adenocarcinoma

35
Q

Benign neoplasm of smooth muscle?

A

Leiomyoma

36
Q

Benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue

A

Fibroma

37
Q

Benign neoplasm of bone?

A

Osteoma

38
Q

Benign neoplasm of cartilage?

A

Chondroma

39
Q

Benign neoplasm of fat?

A

Lipoma

40
Q

Benign neoplasm of nerves

A

Neuroma

41
Q

Benign neoplasm of nerve sheath

A

Neurofibroma

42
Q

Benign neoplasm of glial cells

A

Glioma

43
Q

Malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle

A

Leiomyosarcoma

44
Q

Malignant neoplasm of bone

A

Osteosarcoma

45
Q

Malignant neoplasm of fibrous tissue

A

Fibrosarcoma

46
Q

Malignant neoplasm of cartilage

A

Chondrosarcoma

47
Q

Malignant neoplasm of fat

A

Liposarcoma

48
Q

Malignant neoplasm of glial cells

A

Malignant glioma

49
Q

Give some germ cell neoplasms of the testis and ovary

A

Testis:
Malignant teratoma
Seminoma (malignant)

Ovary
Benign teratoma (dermoid cyst)
50
Q

Neoplasm for adrenal glands?

A

Phaeochromocytoma

51
Q

How do we know neoplasms are monoclonal?

A

Study of G6PD in tumour tissue in women.
Has several alleles encoding different isoenzymes.
Early in female embryogenesis, one allele is inactivated in each cell (lyonisation)
Heterozygous women who have two different enzymes, normal tissues have a patchwork of each type.
Neoplastic tissues only express one isoenzymes indicating a monoclonal group of cells.

Mechanisms Of Disease (11 decks)

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