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Mechanisms Of Disease > Cell Adaptations > Flashcards

Cell Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What does the size of a cell population in adults depend on?

A

Rate of proliferation
Rate of differentiation
Rate of cell death

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2
Q

What are the possible outcomes of signalling?

A

Divide (enter the cell cycle)
Die (apoptosis)
Differentiate
Survive (resist apoptosis)

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3
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

When the cell responds to the signal that itself produces

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4
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

A cell produces a signalling molecule which acts on adjacent cells.

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5
Q

What is endocrine signalling?

A

When a hormone is produced by an endocrine organ and this is converted in the blood stream to target cells.

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6
Q

What modes of cell to cell signalling are there?

A

Hormones
Direct cell-cell or cell-stroma contact
Local mediators

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7
Q

What do growth factors affect?

A 
Proliferation
Cell locomotion 
Contractility
Differentiation
Angiogenesis
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8
Q

Mechanism of action for growth factors?

A

Bind to receptors and stimulate the transcription of genes that regulate the entry of the cell into the cell cycle and the cell’s passage through it.

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9
Q

Epidermal growth factor

  • produced by?
  • cells it acts on?
  • receptor?
  • what it does
A

Produced by macrophages, keratinocytes, inflammatory cells
Acts on epithelial cells, hepatocytes, fibroblasts
Binds to epidermal growth factor receptor
Mitogenic for the above cells

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10
Q

What does vascular endothelial growth factor do? Which situations?

A

Induces blood vessel development (vasculogenesis) and blood vessel growth (angiogenesis)
Works in tumours, wound healing and chronic inflammation

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11
Q

What is platelet-derived growth factor produced by?

A

Stored in alpha granules in platelets. Released on platelet activation. Also produced by macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and tumour cells.

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12
Q

What does platelet-derived growth factor do?

A

Causes migration and proliferation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and monocytes.

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13
Q

Phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1 - S - G2 - M

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14
Q

What is interphase?

A

Contains the stages G1, S and G2

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15
Q

What happens in G1?

A

Cell growth

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16
Q

What happens in S?

A

DNA is replicated

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17
Q

What happens in G2?

A

Cell prepares to divide

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18
Q

When are the different check-points?

A

R - towards the end of G1
G1/S
G2/M

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19
Q

What happens at the G1/S checkpoint?

A

Checks DNA damage before DNA replication

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20
Q

What happens at the G2/M checkpoint?

A

Checks DNA damage after DNA replication

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21
Q

What happens if there is something wrong at the checkpoint?

A

p53 protein delays the cell cycle and triggers DNA repair mechanisms or apoptosis if DNA cannot be repaired.

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22
Q

What regulates progression through the cell cycle?

A

Cyclin proteins

Cyclin-dependent kinases (enzymes)

23
Q

What does labile mean? Example?

A

Stem cells divide persistently to replenish losses

Surface epithelial such as epidermis, gut epithelium and bone marrow cells

24
Q

What stage of the cell cycle are stable cells in?

A

G0

25
Q

What does stable mean?

A

Cells which are in G0 but can enter G1 by activation of a large number of genes such as proto-oncogenes

26
Q

Examples of stable cells?

A 
Hepatocytes 
Bone osteoclasts
Fibroblasts
Vascular endothelial cells
Smooth muscle cells
27
Q

Examples of permanent cell populations?

A

Cardiac and skeletal muscle

Brain neurones

28
Q

What are permanent cell populations?

A

Stem cells cannot mount an effective, proliferative response to significant cell loss. The mature cells have left the cell cycle and cannot replicate.

29
Q

What replaces neurones if they are destroyed?

A

Glial cells

30
Q

What is asymmetric replication?

A

When stem cells divide, they produce two daughter cells

  • one a stem cell
  • one differentiates into a mature, non-dividing cell
31
Q

What is cell adaptation?

A

The state between a normal, unstressed cell and an injured, overstressed cell

32
Q

What is regeneration?

A

The replacement of cell losses by identical cells in order to maintain the size of a tissue or organ

33
Q

Under what conditions can regeneration and resolution not occur?

A

If the harmful agent persists
If there is extensive tissue damage
If the tissue damaged is permanent tissue

34
Q

Give two examples of when regeneration is seen

A

In the liver after a hepatectomy

In the epidermis by keratinocytes after a burn

35
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in cell numbers

36
Q

In which types of populations can hyperplasia occur in?

A

Labile and stable cell populations

37
Q

Two types of physiological hyperplasia?

A

Hormonal - increase in function capacity

Compensatory - increase in tissue mass after tissue damage

38
Q

Examples of physiological hyperplasia?

A

Increased production of erythrocytes in bone marrow due to low oxygen content of blood
Proliferation of endometrium under influence of oestrogen

39
Q

Examples of pathological hyperplasia?

A

Epidermal thickening in eczema and psoriasis

Enlargement of the thyroid gland in response to iodine deficiency

40
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in organ/tissue size due to an increase in cell size, not cell number!

41
Q

What makes the cells bigger in hypertrophy?

A

More structural components

42
Q

What is hypertrophy done in response to?

A

Increased functional demand

Hormones

43
Q

Examples of physiological hypertrophy?

A

Skeletal muscle - body builders

Smooth muscle in a pregnant uterus

44
Q

Examples of pathological hypertrophy?

A

Ventricular cardiac muscle hypertrophy

45
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Shrinkage of a tissue/organ due to an decrease in cell size/number.

46
Q

What is atrophy due to?

A

A decrease in supply of growth factor/nutrients

47
Q

Example of physiological atrophy?

A

Ovarian atrophy in post-menopausal women

Decrease in size of uterus after parturition

48
Q

Causes of pathological atrophy?

A 
Denervation
Disuse
Inadequate blood supply
Inadequate nutrition
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Persistent injury
Ageing
Pressure
49
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

The reversible change of one differentiated cell type to another

50
Q

Examples of metaplasia?

A

Bronchial pseudostratified columnar epithelium to stratified squamous in the lung from cigarette smoke
Change of oesophageal stratified squamous to gastric-type epithelium with persistent acid reflux

51
Q

What is aplasia?

A

The complete failure of a tissue/organ to develop

It is an embryonic developmental disorder

52
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

The under development or incomplete development of a tissue/organ

53
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

The abnormal maturation of cells within tissues

54
Q

How do CDKs drive the cell cycle?

A

Phosphorylate proteins that are critical for the progression of the cell into the next stage of the cycle

Mechanisms Of Disease (11 decks)

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