Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia

A

A lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after initialising stimulus removed
(can be benign or malignant)

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2
Q

What causes tumours?

A

Tumours arise due to accumulation of genetic alterations and epigenetic change

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3
Q

How do we know if growth is neoplastic?

A

Neoplasms comprise neoplastic cells plus connective tissue stroma
-vascular supply important

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4
Q
  1. Malignant
  2. Benign
A
  1. neoplasm with potentially lethal, abnormal characteristics which has the ability to invade and metastasise (Underwood)
  2. A neoplasm which does not have this ability
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5
Q

Exceptions to malignant and benign rule

A
  1. Some malignant tumours almost never metastasise (ie basal cell carcinoma)
  2. Some benign tumours can be very locally harmful/destructive
    “Benign” does not always mean “harmless”
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6
Q

Main distinguishing features of neoplasm

A
  1. Differentiation
  2. Rate of growth
  3. Local Invasion
  4. Metastasis
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7
Q

Differentiation

A

extent to which neoplastic tissues resemble their corresponding normal tissue of origin

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8
Q

Well differentiated features

A
  • Closely resembles normal tissue of origin
  • Little or no of evidence of anaplasia
  • Can be benign, or malignant
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9
Q

Poorly differentiated features

A

Little resemblance to tissue of origin

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10
Q

Undifferentiated / anaplastic features

A

-Cannot be identified by morphology alone
-May need special stains / molecular techniques to diagnose

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11
Q

Poor differentiation features

A
  1. Nuclear pleomorphism- Variability in nuclear size / shape
  2. Abnormal nuclear features
    High nuclear : cytoplasmic ratio
    Clumped chromatin
    Prominant nucleoli
  3. Increased mitotic activity
  4. Loss of cellular polarity / order
  5. Tumour giant cells
  6. Necrosis
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12
Q

Differentiation Summary: Malignant Vs Benign

A

Malignant:
Anaplastic features
Generally poorer differentiation
Benign:
Well differentiated
Close resemblance to tissue of origin

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13
Q

What’s GRADE of tumour?

A

Closely related to differentiation / clinical behaviour
A measure of how differentiated the tumour appears
Well differentiated = low grade / grade 1
Moderately differentiated = intermediate / grade 2
Poorly differentiated = high grade / grade 3

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14
Q

What’s STAGE of tumour?

A

A measure of extent of spread of a tumour
Prognostication / therapeutic decisions
The lower the number the better for the patient

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15
Q

Metaplasia

A

change in phenotype of differentiated cells, often in response to chronic irritation

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16
Q
A