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Path Pro 2023 > Neoplasia 1 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tumour define

A

any clinically detectable lump or swelling

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2
Q

Neoplasm define

A

Abnormal new growth of cells that persists after stimulus is removed

(Type of tumour)

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3
Q

Oncology define

A

Study of tumours and neoplasms

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4
Q

Benign neoplasm define

A

Gross and microscopic appearances are considered to be innocent

Implying that it will Remain localised will not spread to other sites

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5
Q

Cancer define

A

Layman

Malignant neoplasm

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6
Q

Malignant neoplasm define

A

Abnormal growth of cells that persists after stimulus is removed
Invades surrounding tissues and potential to spread distally

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7
Q

Metastasis define

A

malignant neoplasm that has spread from original site to a new non-contiguous site

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8
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Pre-neoplastic alteration in which
cells show disorganised tissue organisation (confined to epithelia layer)
Reversible

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9
Q

Appearance dysplasia

A

Pleomorphism
Large hyperchromatic nuclei
High nuclei to cytoplasm ratio

(similar to poor differentiation malignant)

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10
Q

2 sites of malignant neoplasm

A 
Primary site (original location)
Secondary site (spread to)
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11
Q

Benign vs Malignant

A

Benign: Remain confined and DO NOT metastasise
Malignant: Invade and DO metastasise

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12
Q

3 features of benign tumours

A 
Confined local area growth 
Psuedocapsule (pushing outer margin)
Rarely dangerous (depending on location though)
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13
Q

3 features of malignant tumours

A

Irregular outer margin and shape
Ulcerations and central necrosis
Infiltrative (breach basement membrane)

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14
Q

Differentiation benign vs malignant

A

Benign: well differentiated (resemble parent tissue)

Malignant well-poor differentiated (don’t resemble origin tissue)

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15
Q

Cells with no resemblance to any tissue are called…

A

Anaplastic tissue

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16
Q

What happens as differentiation worsens (poor differentiation)?

A 
Increase:
size of nucleus
nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
nuclear staining (hyperchromasia)
Numbers of mitotic figures

Abnormal mitotic figures (Benz)
Variation in cell and nuclei shape/size (pleomorphism)

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17
Q

How do clinicians define differentiation?

A

Grades
Higher grade = more poorly differentiated
(eg grade 3 cancer = very poorly differentiated)

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18
Q

Grading breast tissue

A

Grade 1: glandular structure preserved mostly, uniform cells
Grade 2: loss of some glands, cells larger and variable in shape
Grade 3: minimal glands, lots of mitosis, variable cell shape

19
Q

Gleasons pattern

A

Prostate grading

1-5 with worsening gland formation

20
Q

Why is grading important?

A

If later grade, lower chance of survival and determines treatment

eg higher grades need more aggressive treatment

21
Q

Steps of cell becoming neoplastic

A

Normal
Dysplasia
Carcinoma in situ (no breach of BM)
Invasive carcinoma

22
Q

Cervical dysplasia grading

A 
Normal
CIN 1 (lower grade, lower 3rd affected)
CIN 2 (moderate, lower 2/3rds affected)
CIN 3 (carcinoma in situ, entire thickness affected)
23
Q

Why do we get neoplasia?

A 
Lots of new cells dividing every day 
Introduction of mutations - from INITIATORS
Accumulate 
PROMOTORS cause proliferation
= tumour from clonal expansion
24
Q

What sort of damage causes neoplasia?

A

Non-lethal genetic damage

25
Q

Initiators of mutations include…

A

Chemicals (eg smoking, alcohol, diet, obesity)
Infectious agents (HPV)
Radiation
Inherited mutations

26
Q

Steps of neoplasm

A

Initiator = mutation
Promotor (proliferation of cells with mutation)
Progression (accumulate more mutations to enhance survival)

27
Q

What genes are often affected by cancer causing mutations? (4)

A

Proto-oncogenes
Tumour suppressor genes
Genes that regulated apoptosis
DNA repair genes

28
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

Drive proliferation

29
Q

Proto-oncogene mutation do?

A

Excessive increase in normal functions or give a new function (GAIN OF FUNCTION mutation)

30
Q

Proto-oncogene mutation explained

A

Proto-oncogene (mutates) –> oncogene –> oncoprotein

oncoproteins promote growth without signals now

31
Q

Oncogene importance

A

Dominate over counterparts (only one allele needs to be affected)

32
Q

Example of PO mutation

A

BRAF (v600e) mutation

33
Q

Tumour suppressor gene function mutation

A

Usually stop cell proliferation
Mutation = loss of function (fail to inhibit growth)

(p53)

34
Q

Mutations needed TSG

A

Both alleles must be damaged to occur (recessive)

35
Q

Apoptosis regulating genes mutation

A

Abnormalities = less programmed cell death and enhanced survival of cells

36
Q

DNA repair gene mutations

A

Loss of function
Impair ability for cell to recognise and repair non-lethal genetic damage
Cells acquire mutations quicker

37
Q

DNA repair gene mutation known as

A

Mutator phenotype (marked by genetic instability)

38
Q

How are neoplasms named?

A

Benign end in -oma

Malignant end -carcinoma (if epithelial 90%)
or sarcoma (if stromal)
39
Q

benign epithelial neoplasms

A 
Squamous papilloma (skin)
Transitional cell papilloma (bladder mucosa)

Adenoma (glands)
Cystadenoma (ovary gland)

40
Q

How are polyps of epithelial neoplasms named?

A

Villous (finger like)
Sessile (box)
Tubular
(polyp of colon)

41
Q

Malignant epithelial neoplasms

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (skin, lung)
Transitional cell carcinoma (bladder)
Adenocarcinoma (glandular)
Basal cell carcinoma

42
Q

Connective tissue benign neoplasms

A 
Leiomyoma (smooth muscle)
Fibroma 
Osteoma
Chondroma (cartilage)
Lipoma
Neuroma
Neurofibroma (nerve sheath)
Glioma (glial cells)
43
Q

Connective tissue malignant neoplasms

A 
Leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle)
Osteosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma 
Chondrosarcoma 
Liposarcoma
Malignant glioma
44
Q

Germ cell neoplasms malignant vs benign

A

Malignant teratoma and Seminoma (testes, exception to -oma benign rule, ITS MALIGNANT)

Benign teratoma in ovaries = dermoid cyst (benign, follows rule)

Path Pro 2023 (21 decks)

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