Neonatal Nutrition Flashcards
___ shots are given to newborns to prevent VKDB
-
vitamin K1 (phylloquinone K1, specifically)
- lipid-soluble vitamin that is needed for efficient blood clotting
why are neonates vit. K deficient
- human breast milk is very low in vit. K
- vitamin K1 mainly found in green vegetable which neonates don’t eat
- vitamin K2 is lacking in the newborns sterile intestine (no bacteria)
describe nutrient differences between human milk and other animals
- humans have greatest lactose content but lowest protein content
- human < cow < goat < sheep in protein content
- need to dilute other animal’s milk since high protein content makes harder to digest for babies
describe congenital lactase deficiency
- lactase deficiency leads to severe osmotic diarrhea and dehydration when neonates are given milk
- need lactose-free formula
describe galactosemia
- galactose in urine indicates galactosemia
- galactose and sugar alcohol galactitol accumulate in liver and other body cells
- characteristics:
- brain damage
- cataracts
- liver + kidney damage
____ is the only antibody that crosses the placenta and is passively transferred to the fetus
- IgG is the only antibody that crosses the placenta and is passively transferred to the fetus
after birth, the immunoglobulins provided in breast milk are:
- high levels of IgA followed by IgM and IgG
- IgA protect against upper respiratory infxs
- in infants, immunoglobulins are partially degraded which allow them to still function
human breast milk contains fatty acids of the ____ and ____ families
- human milk contains the dietary essential fatty acids linoleic acid (w-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (w-3) and in addition, DHA and arachidonic acid
- these fatty acids can cross the BBB of the developing brain and are important for brain development
- a diet rich in fish oil increases the content of DHA in human breast milk
DHA is the main structural component in _______
- DHA is the main structural component in the lamellar membranes of rods and cones and provides the neccessary fluidity
- DHA represents 2/3 of the fatty acids found in the retina where rhodopsin is imbedded and DHA is involved with cell signaling and other functions
describe the 2 types of proteins found in human milk
-
casein (40%): is a highly digestable protein and contains carbohydrates, calcium and phosphate.
- source of amino acids, especially proline
-
whey (60%): a source of high quality amino acids especially the branches amino acids. Leucine in particular stimulates protein synthesis and leads to the positive nitrogen balance in a growing baby
- think of body-builders using whey
whey is a protein mixture composed of:
- alpha-lactalbumin: rich in cysteine, tryptophan and provides precursors for glutathione and serotonin synthesis
- lactoferrin: inhibits growth of iron-dependent bacteria in the GI tract of neonates
- lysozyme: enzyme that protects infant against e. coli and salmonella
- immunoglobulins
- maternal serum albumin
list the dietary essential amino acids in infants + adults
- methionine
- threonine
- phenylalanine
- tryptophan
- lysine
- arginine
- valine, isoleucine and leucine (branches amino acids)
name the conditionally essential amino acids in infants
- histidine
- glutamine
- cysteine
- glycine
- proline
- tyrosine
infant nutrition has to provide ____ after 6 months of age…why?
infant nutrition has to provide iron after 6 months of age
- during pregnancy the mother provides an inceased iron depot in the fetal liver which will supply the neonate up to 6 months after birth
- uptake of dietary iron is needed in the 6 month old baby
- human milk is low in iron and infants need about 11 mg of iron a day which cannot be provided via breast milk
describe dietary uptake of iron
- inorganic iron uptake into the intestinal mucosal cells needs the iron in the ferrous state
- heme-iron uptake is easier as it can be taken up in the ferric state
- iron is stored within the cells bound to the protein ferritin
- iron is released as ferrous iron and needs to be changed to ferric iron by ceruloplasmin
