Neonatal Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

Age patterns of ruminant diarrhea

A

Neonates: management/nutritional, infectious
Growing animals: management/nutritional, infectious
Adult females: management/nutritional, infectious

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2
Q

Managemental causes of neonatal diarrhea

A
Calf milk replacer
- 125g/L (12.5%)
- 2L 2xd
- .5kg per calf per day
Ad lib milk
- 20%bw daily
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3
Q

Infectious causes (7)

A
ETEC (enterotoxogenic E. coli)*
Coronavirus*
Rotavirus*
Cryptosporidium*
Clostridium spp.
Salmonella
Mixed infections
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4
Q

ETEC basics and Dx/prevention

A

2-5d calves
Low morbidity, high mortality (die of dehydration)
Dx: fecal culture with serotyping
Prevention: vaccinate cow prior to calving, oral Ab

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5
Q

ETEC virulence factors

A

Pilus antigen - allows bacteria to attach to villi (K99, F41)
Enterotoxin - heat stable exotoxin
- Activates c-GMP which inhibits NaCl absorption
- Loss of Na, Cl, HCO3, K, and water (secretory diarrhea)
Attach mainly in caudal SI
Very little morphologic damage to gut

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6
Q

EHEC, EPEC, normal E. coli

A

Can also cause diarrhea

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7
Q

Salmonella

A
Zoonotic
Wider age variation
Diarrhea more likely to contain blood
May have problem in calves and adults at same time
- Septicemia
- Pneumonia
- Acute deaths
Dx: fecal culture
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8
Q

Rotavirus

A
7-10d
High morbidity, low mortality
Very stable in environment, prolonged shedding
Proximal SI
Villus tips
Malabsorption/maldigestion
Dx: EM of feces, FA, ELISA
Prevention: Vaccinate dam, calf vaccine
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9
Q

Coronavirus

A
Calves <2wk
Low morbidity, high mortality
Ill thrift
Less stable in envmt
Distal SI and LI
Entire villus affected
Malabsorption
Diarrhea more severe
Dx same as rotavirus
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10
Q

Other viruses that can cause neonatal diarrhea

A

Adenovirus
Parvovirus
Astrovirus
Breda virus

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11
Q

Cryptosporidium

A
Zoonotic
10d-2wk
Resistant to chemical disinfectants
Pure, mixed, subclinical infections
Mucoid diarrhea
Colon, lower GI, damages wall
Dx: fecal float, acid fast stain, combination
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12
Q

Giardia

A

Found in calves with and without diarrhea

Metronidazole and related drugs are illegal in food animals!

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13
Q

What two foods are essential for calves to develop ruminal folds?

A

Milk and Grain

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14
Q

Infectious causes of adolescent diarrhea

A
Coccidiosis
Endoparasitism
BVDV
Clostridium spp.
Salmonellosis
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15
Q

Coccidiosis

A

Older calves, usually weaned - 1yr
Eimeria sp
Indoors in crowded or contaminated areas
Outdoors around feeding troughs, etc.

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16
Q

Causes of diarrhea in adult ruminants

A
Johne's dz (M. paratuberculosis)
Subacute rumen acidosis
BVDV
Salmonellosis
Miscellaneous
17
Q

Most important signs in assisting diagnosis?

A
Mentation
Body temperature
Fecal consistency
Fecal color
Cardio status
Mucous membranes
Recumbency
Response to fluid therapy
18
Q

Clin path in neonatal diarrhea

A
Hemoconcentration
Metabolic acidosis
Electrolyte disturbances
- Hyperkalemia
- Low to normal sodium and chloride
\+/- hypoglycemia
19
Q

Individual management

A

PE

  • Mentation
  • CV status
  • Hydration
  • Signs of sepsis
  • Localize dz
  • Primary or secondary
  • Characterize pathology
20
Q

Fluids

A
Oral
- Many varieties
- Use active glucose/sodium-linked gut transport system
- Limited time only
- Milk feeding
Parenteral
- IV
- SQ
- Alkalinizing
21
Q

T/F: Abx are rarely needed in cases of neonatal diarrhea

22
Q

Importance of colostrum

A

Colostrum fed calves get sick less easily and less severely

Quality, Quantity, Quickly!

23
Q

Benefit of high serum IgG

A

More weight gain
Less feed needed
Less mortality
Lower health treatment costs

24
Q

Colostrum Quality

A

Dam - breed, age, yield, dry period
Collection - timing, pooling
Storage - hygiene, temperature

25
Q

Colostrum Quantity

A

Immediate - 5% body weight, 2-4L
Next feed (4-6h) - 5% bw, 2-4L
Total by 24h - 12-15%bw, 6-8L

26
Q

Calf intestinal absorption

A

Not after 24h
Digestive enzymes still low for first 12h
Potential for pathogenic bacterial colonization in the intestine