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Parasitology > Nematodes > Flashcards

Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Ancylostoma caninum (order Strongylida).

A

‘Hookworm’
*DOGS
-adults: sm. 1-2 cm (hook appearance)
-buccal: teeth, cutting plates
-egg: oval, thin, average
-final host: dog, fox
-paratenic: various (but not needed)
-direct
-bursa
-adults in sm intestine & larvae in lung
-anemia esp in puppies
-arrested development L3
-limited immunity
-zoonotic
-warm climate

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2
Q

Describe the 5 modes of infection of the Ancylostoma caninum.

A
  1. Percutaneous (moist eczema); penetrate oral mucosa
  2. Per os (mouth)
  3. Paratenic host
  4. Transplacental (rare)
  5. Transmammary (IMP***) [PPP is 14-21 days]
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3
Q

Describe the clinical signs of Ancylostoma caninum.

A
  1. Peracute
    -immature male worms cause hemorrhage (mating)
  2. Acute
    -anemia & lassitude
    -respiratory disease; pneumonia
    -diarrhea (blood + mucus)
  3. Chronic [adults]
    -weight loss, poor hair coat
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4
Q

Describe the treatment & prevention of Ancylostoma caninum.

A

-Anthelmintics for both adult & larvae
-species specific
-larval leakage
-young: iron; blood transfusion
-nutrition
-treat pup (week 2,4,6,8 + monthly) & adults
*resistance: drug A day 1, drug B day 2 & repeat in 2wks
*neg fecal in day 3 but if adults stunned & not killed = day 10
*steady increase of eggs = infection VS eggs one day and not the other day = dog eating poop with eggs in it (corn analogy)

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5
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Ancylostoma tubaeforme.

A

*CATS
-warm climate
-per os
-percutaneous
-paratenic hosts
-zoonotic

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6
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Ancylostoma braziliense.

A

*DOGS & CATS
-warm climate
-per os
-percutaneous
-paratenic hosts
-less pathogenic
-most zoonotic (CLM in humans)

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7
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Uncinaria stenocephala.

A

*DOGS & CATS = northern temp
-cool climate
-per os = primary
-percutaneous = rare
-paratenic host
-less bloodsuck = cutting plates
-less zoonotic
-interdigital dermatitis
-eggs are slightly larger via flotation (not antigen)

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8
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Bunostomum spp.

A

*RUMINANTS
-cool climate
-percutaneous = primary -> sore feet
-per os
-diarrhea
-pneumonia
-anemia (depends on animal size)
-weight loss
-bottle jaw
-PPP = 30-56d

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9
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Stronglyoidea.

A

-direct
-L3 infection
-arrest
-egg: thin, oval, average
-bursa
-buccal capsule
-thick body

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10
Q

Describe general characteristics of large stronglyes.

A

EQUIDS ONLY
-3 types (S. Vulgaris, S. Edentatus, S. Equinus) = lg
-larvae migrate
-adults in lg intestine
-anemia
-resistance
-PPP: 6-11mo
-L3 distinguished via PCR/culture
-globe shaped
-leaf crown
-colic, fever, anorexia, constipation, anemia

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11
Q

Describe strongylus vulgaris.

A

LARVAE=
-ear shaped teeth
-globular head
-arterial vessel of intestine (cr mesenteric, ileocolic a)
-arteritis, thickening, thrombus, infarction, death
-aberrant larvae migration
-PPP: 6MO
-clinical signs:
>thrombo embolus -> colic -> death
ADULTS=
-remove plug of mucosa
-anemia

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12
Q

Describe strongyles edentatus.

A

LARVAE L4=
-no teeth
-globular head
-liver & ab tissue (flank)
-acute - fever, anorexia
-chronic - colic
PPP:11MO
ADULTS =
-anemia*

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13
Q

Describe strongylus equinus.

A

LARVAE L4 =
-pointy teeth
-globular head
-liver hemorrhagic tracts
-PPP:9MO
ADULTS =
-anemia

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14
Q

Describe diagnosis & treatment in large strongyles.

A

DIAGNOSIS =
-fecal float (McMaster)
-L3
-larvae antibody test on S. Vulgaris
-necropsy
TREATMENT =
-Anthelmintics

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15
Q

Describe the general characteristics of small stronglyes (Cyathostomins).

A

-<1.5cm
-mouth capsule rectangle/square
-egg like stronglye
-PPP: 6wk (coprophagia) to 2-4 mo 8wks
-arrested development 2.5yr L3
-lg intestine (larvae & adults)

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16
Q

Describe pathogenesis in sm stronglyes.

A

-larval cyathostominosis
-L3 enter mucosa (fibrous capsule of host) ‘encysted larvae’
>molt to L4 & excyst
-lymphocytic & eosinophilic infiltration
-catarrhal colitis
-protein losing enteropathy

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17
Q

Describe the clinical signs & diagnosis of sm stronglyes.

A

CLINICAL SIGN =
-emergence of L4 in spring
-diarrhea, colic
-seasonality -> treat during winter
-weight loss, edema
DIAGNOSIS =
-eggs via McMaster
-can distinguish L3 of stronglye
-eggs in feces of foals (<6wk) due to coprophagia

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18
Q

Describe temperature preference of sm stronglyes.

A

TEMP =
1. North =
-encyst - winter
-excyst - spring
2. South =
-encyst - summer
-excyst - winter

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19
Q

Describe the epidemiology of small strongyles.

A

-history of horse w syndrome (they spread to pasture)
-inadequate treatment during last grazing season
-overstocked infective pasture = lg encysted larvae
-mare origin of infection for foal (contamination of pasture)
-each horse has own supply of mucosal larvae to become next season adults

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20
Q

Describe the treatment for small strongyles.

A

*larval stages & adults
*resistance to drug classes
Foal to yearling:
-2-3mo benzimidazole (ascarids)
-4-6mo before weaning
-FEC at weaning to determine strongyles or ascarids
-9 & 12mo treat strongyles
-9mo (fall) treat tapeworms
Yearling to 2yr old:
-high shedder
-3x a yr tx
Mature:
-determine if high or low
>low = 1-2x yr
>high = 3x yr

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21
Q

Describe the McMaster egg count in small strongyles.

A

Low shedder = less than 200 (no treatment)
Low/high = 200-500
High = 500+
*cant distinguish L3

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22
Q

Describe the prevention of small & large strongyles.

A

-accurate diagnosis
-know efficacy of Anthelmintics (FECRT)
-treatment timing (larvae vs adult)
-manage pasture: pick up feces, no overstock, treat high shedders

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23
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Oesophagostomum spp.

A

‘Nodular/pimple worm’
-cattle, sheep, goat, swine
-warm climate
-adults in lg intestine
-L4 in lg (mostly) & sm intestine
-L3 infective state
-eggs: average, thin, oval
-egg to L3 = 10d
-PPP: 3-8wk

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24
Q

Describe the clinical signs of Oesophagostomum spp.

A

*age immunity not strong = affects all age groups (esp older) REVERSE AGE IMMUNITY
-cattle, sheep, goat = anorexia, diarrhea
-sheep & goat have adaptation issues = nodules in sm/lg intestine
-sow (older) = anorexia, weight loss, reduced milk
>‘poor sow syndrome’

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25
Q

Describe the diagnosis & treatment of Oesophagostomum.

A

Diagnosis:
-clinical signs
-egg counts (L3 to distinguish)
-necropsy = adult & nodules
Treatment:
-Anthelmintics
-no strong immunity
-PPR contribute to exposure

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26
Q

Describe Chabertia ovina.

A

‘Large mouthed bowel worm’
-sheep, goat, cattle (less)
-lg intestine
-plug feeder
-diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, hemorrhage, ulcers
-clinical signs prior to egg in feces

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27
Q

Describe Stephanurus dentatus.

A

-pigs
-adults in kidney, peri-renal fat, & walls of ureter
-2-4 cm
-mottled
-egg: average, oval, thin (urine flotation)
-direct life cycle with earthworms as a paratenic host (not required) *constant reservoir + infection bc live 10yrs

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28
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Syngamus trachea.

A

‘Gapeworm’
-domestic & wild fowl (pheasant)
-paratenic host = earthworm
-red color, female 5-20mm & male 2-6mm
-egg plugs at both poles (bigger than avg)
-adults in trachea or lungs
-permanent copulation

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29
Q

Describe the clinical signs & diagnosis of Syngamus trachea.

A

Clinical signs:
-asphyxia = mucus in trachea -> suffocate -> dead
-young birds, turkeys, game birds
Diagnosis:
-adults at necropsy
-eggs in fecal float

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30
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Trichostronglyoidea.

A

*ostertagia ostertagi, teladorsagia circumcinta, hyostronglyus rubidus
-thin body
-direct
-infection by L3
-eggs: thin, oval, average
-arrested development
-males have bursa
-cattle develop immunity w age (cattle>sheep>goat)
-PPP = 3-4 wk
-PPR sheep, goat, swine

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31
Q

Describe Ostertagia ostertagi.

A

‘Brown stomach worm’
-cattle
-cool (larvae on pasture during rain & in animal when dry)
-McMaster
-adults = 1 cm on abomasal surface
-eggs = trichostrongyloid
-site of infection: abomasum
-PPP = 3-4 wks
-arrested L4 = 6MO

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32
Q

Describe the clinical signs of Ostertagia ostertagi. (Type I)

A

Type I:
-summer ostertagiosis
-in calves during 1st grazing season
-can be 2nd/3rd season in heavy infected pasture
-diarrhea
-high morbidity, mortality rare = if treated in 3 days
*put on a clean pasture
(More adults than larvae in type I)

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33
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Ostertagia ostertagi.

A

-larvae in gastric glands
-immature adult bigger than L3/L4
-thickened gastric mucosa = raised nodules “Moroccan leather”
-increased plasma pepsinogen
>abnormal gastric glands cant break down pepsinogen = bad digestion

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34
Q

Describe the clinical signs of Ostertagia ostertagi. (Type II)

A

Type II:
-winter ostertagiosis
-in calves following 1st grazing season w arrested L4
-after 2nd or 3rd season in heavy infected pastures
-diarrhea; intermittent
-bottle jaw
-synchronized emergence
-morbidity low, mortality high

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35
Q

Describe the treatment & prevention of ostertagia ostertagi.

A

Type I = Anthelmintics & move cattle to safe pasture
Type II = Anthelmintics against arrested L4 larvae & adults

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36
Q

Describe Teladorsagia circumcincta.

A

-sheep & goats
-similar to ostertagia ostertagi
-PPR important for sheep (during start of rainy season)
-dry hot summer L3 longevity reduced & may act as a reservoir
CLINICAL SIGNS
>similar lesions but less severe clinical signs
-weight loss
-intermittent diarrhea
-watery diarrhea uncommon
TREATMENT
-MCLs, benzimidazoles, levamisole
-change pasture

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37
Q

Describe Hyostrongylus rubidus.

A

‘Stomach worm’
-pigs
-slender & red
-5-8 mm long (adults)
-trichostrongyloid eggs
-stomach
-egg to L3 = 1-2 wk
-PPP = 3 wk
-L4 = hypobiotic
-PPR
-high motility of L3

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38
Q

Describe the clinical signs of Hyostrongylus rubidus.

A

-damage to gastric glands = low acidity
-mucosal hyperplasia
-nodules on stomach
-hemorrhage
-inappetence
-loss of condition & anemia
-no diarrhea
-poor sow syndrome (seen in younger sows compared to oesophagstomum)

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39
Q

Describe the diagnosis & treatment for Hyostrongylus rubidus.

A

-outdoor pigs affected
-Anthelmintics effective against hypobiotic larvae
-pasture management

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40
Q

Describe haemonchus contortus general characteristics.

A

‘Barber pole worm’
-sheep & goats
-adults: 2-3cm on abomasal surface lg (females look like barber pole)
-eggs: trichostrongyloid
-abomasum
-direct
-PPP 3-4 wk (temp dependent) cold = longer PPP
-PPR = summer
-hypobiosis = winter

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41
Q

Describe haemonchus contortus clinical signs.

A

-consume blood
-hemorrhagic tracts
-hyperacute haemonchosis = lambs die of hemorrhagic gastritis
-acute hemorrhagic anemia = bottle jaw, lethargy (can lead to death)
-chronic haemonchosis = weight loss & weakness

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42
Q

Describe haemonchus contortus diagnosis & treatment.

A

-season
-fecal count
-necropsy
-MCLs, benzimidazoles, levamisole
-vaccine
-resistance
-only treat sheep/goat that require it

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43
Q

Describe haemonchus placei.

A

-cattle (sometimes sheep & goat)
-tropics = less cold resistance
-more acute & chronic than hyperacute
-resistance cross over w/ contortus
-PPP = 3-4 wk

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44
Q

Describe Trichostronglyus spp.

A

-cattle, sheep, goat, equine
-adults: 7mm (small)
-egg: trichostrongyloid
-abomasum/stomach or small intestine
-direct
-resistance
-low hypobiosis
-PPP = 3-4wk
CLINICAL SIGNS
-diarrhea (soon after grazing)
>due to heavy infections or low infection in malnourished or stressed animals

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45
Q

Describe cooperia spp general characteristics.

A

-cattle, sheep, goat
-adults 9mm
-eggs trichostrongyloid
-sm intestine
-direct
-PPP = 3-4 wk
-look like watch springs

46
Q

Describe Cooperia spp clinical signs & treatment.

A

CLINICAL SIGNS
-mild lesions
-stressed cattle = diarrhea
-(like ostertagia) most common nematode of cattle in 4-8mo not a clinical issue unless stressed
TREATMENT
-Anthelmintics
-environment & animal husbandry (dose limiting species = harder to kill so start at source)

47
Q

Describe cooperia puncata.

A

-prevalent nematode in cow-calf operations
-decreased feed intake
-decrease weight gain
-MCLs have lower efficacy
-resistance

48
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Dictyocaulus spp.

A

‘Lungworm’
-adults: 8cm (big), thin, in lung bronchi
-diagnostic stage: L1 in egg or Baermann (L1 to L3 in herbage or spores)
-straight tail
-coughing
-direct
-PPP= 3-4 wks
*dictyocaulus viviparous (cattle), dictyocaulus filaria (goats & sheep), dictyocaulus arnfeldi (equine)

49
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Dictyocaulus viviparous.

A

*most pathogenic
Day 1-7 = penetration phase
-larvae migration -> no clinical signs
Day 8-24 = prepatent phase
-larvae develop to adults in lungs
-alveolitis & bronchitis
Day 25-60 = patent phase
-adult worms in lungs
-bronchitis & pneumonia
Day 61-90 = post patent phase
-recovery starts or relapse if entire lungs diseased (pneumonic lesions)

50
Q

Describe Dictyocaulus viviparous treatment & prevention.

A

-Anthelmintics
-avoid endemic pastures
-develop immunity with age
>allow exposure (low) to prevent post treatment syndrome
-vaccine

51
Q

Describe Dictyocaulus filaria.

A

-goats & sheep
-less pathological
-coughing
-less immunity

52
Q

Describe Dictyocaulus arnfieldi.

A

-equids
-donkeys = adapted -> no clinical signs (affects all age)
-horses =
>damage pulmonary tissue (L4)
>rarely reach sexual maturity in adult horses (matures in foals & yearlings)
>chronic cough + nasal discharge
>no adults = bronchial alveolar larvae (BAL method)
*endemic -> dont put horse + donkeys together

53
Q

Describe Nematodirus battus general characteristics.

A

‘Long neck bankrupt worm’
-sheep, goat, cattle
-adults: 2.5cm
-eggs: VERY LG CAN TELL EGGS APART
>L1-L3 in egg (2mo) & survive in egg for 2y
>L3 infective via environmental cue (freeze -> warm)
>emerge in spring
>lamb-to-lamb disease adults are immune
-PPP: 3-4wk
-sm intestine
-direct

54
Q

Describe Nematodirus battus clinical signs & treatment.

A

CLINICAL SIGNS
-larvae disrupt sm intestine mucosa -> mild catarrhal enteritis
-dehydration from severe diarrhea & suddenly ill lambs (clinical signs during PPP)
-EPG low
-30% mortality
TREATMENT
-avoid pastures used the previous yr in the spring/summer
-prophylactic treatment

55
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Metastrongyloidea.

A

-infect respiratory, vascular, NS
-indirect
-IH = snail/slug (required)
-diagnostic = L1 kinked tail (Baermann)
-clinical signs only in heavy infections
-no age immunity

56
Q

Describe Muellerius spp general characteristics.

A

‘Lung worm’
-FH = sheep & goat
-IH = molluscs (L1-L3)
-adults in lung tissue
-L1 kinked
-PPP = 6-10wk
-L3 migrate to lungs & develop into adults in LN & nodules in lungs

57
Q

Describe Muellerius spp clinical signs & treatment.

A

CLINICAL SIGNS:
-nodular lesions ‘lead shot’ in lung tissue (gritty/rough)
-pneumonia rare in sheep (dont get heavy infections often)
-heavy infection in goats more srs
TREATMENT:
-anthelmintics
-control difficult due to L3 live as long as mollusc

58
Q

Describe Parelaphostrongylus tenius general characteristics & clinical signs.

A

‘Meningeal worm’
-FH = white tailed deer
-IH = molluscs
-clinical signs = white tailed deer rare
-aberrant host = equine, sheep, goat, llama, camels, etc ‘dead end host’
>larvae invade nervous tissue -> neurological, (can be fatal) treatment dont work

59
Q

Describe Metastrongylus sp. general characteristics.

A

‘Lungworm of pigs’
-slender white worm
-FH = pig
-IH = earthworm
-eggs with L1; irregular exterior
-PPP= 4 wk
-diagnosis = eggs with L1
-indirect
-L1-L3 = 1-2wk

60
Q

Describe Metastrongylus sp clinical signs & treatment.

A

-site of infection = bronchi & bronchioles
-lung migration = lesions
-secondary infection s
-fatal if in correct host
-young pigs (4-6mo) affected
-long exposure due to earthworm reservoir
-anthelmintics

61
Q

Describe Aelurostrongylus abstrusus general characteristics.

A

‘Cat lungworm’
-FH = cats
-IH = snails/slugs
-PH = birds, rodents, frogs (not required)
-in lung tissue
-L1 kinked

62
Q

Describe Filaroides & Angiostrongylus general characteristics.

A

‘Lungworm’
-species specific; tracheal worms, french heartworm
-host = dogs, wild carnivore
Filaroides osleri, Filaroides hirthi, Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis
(one drug doesnt treat all)

63
Q

Describe Filaroides spp. general characteristics.

A

-difficult to differentiate L1 (feces, BAL)
-problem in kennels
-C-section & foster mother may be required
-Fenbendazole
-filaroides osleri
>adults in nodules
>gray-white, wart-like submucosal nodule

64
Q

Describe Filaroides spp. life cycle.

A

-L1 ingested & develop in lungs
(eggs with larvae)
-L1 hatch, expelled in sputum/coughed, swallowed, passed in feces
-infection by ingestion of regurg stomach contents, lung tissue or feces

65
Q

Describe Ascarids general characteristics.

A

‘Roundworm’
-lg white nematode with 3 lips
-adults in sm intestine
-per os (all species)
-fecund females (high # eggs)
-infect young
-somatic stages in adults (arrested larvae)
>immunity!
-obstruction, pot belly
-egg is thick walled (rough around edges)
-infective L3 in egg (if eaten before L3 = noninfective/die)
-direct
-non bursated males

66
Q

Describe Toxocara canis general characteristics.

A

-dogs
-zoonotic (visceral/ocular larval migrans)
-eggs dark brown, round
-direct
-per os
-transplacental***
-transmammary
-paratenic host
-egg -> egg with L3 = 2-4 wk (egg in environment for 5-10yrs)
-PPP = 3-5 wk

67
Q

Describe Toxocara canis clinical signs & treatment.

A

-obstruction, pot belly
-unformed feces
-worms in feces & vomit
-transmammary = die from pneumonia
-vomit after each meal
-clinical sign before PPP (bronchitis)
-eggs via fecal float
TREATMENT
-treat mom & pup 2,4,6,8 week of age
-treat to kill L4 & immature adult pre-egg shed

68
Q

Describe Toxocara cati general characteristics.

A

-cats
-zoonotic
-egg like T canis
-per os
-transmammary (not as common)
>NO transplacental
-paratenic host
-less immunity in adults

69
Q

Describe Toxascaris leonina general characteristics.

A

-cats & dogs
-not zoonotic
-per os
-paratenic host
-egg oval & smooth thick shell* (diff from toxocara)
-no pneumonia (migrate locally)
-less immunity & pathogenic
-egg -> egg w L3 less time
-PPP = 11wk

70
Q

Describe Baylisascaris procyonis general characteristics.

A

-DH = raccoons
>fatal in aberrant hosts
-accidental host = dogs (can develop into adult worm)
-paratenic host
-zoonotic with high lvls of VLM!!!

71
Q

Describe Parascaris equorum general characteristics & treatment.

A

-equine
-egg: round, thick shell
-per os only
-no PH
-hepatic tracheal migration = bronchitis
-PPP = 10-12wk
-McMaster
-egg -> egg with L2/L3 = <2wk
-bad fur coat, obstruction
TREATMENT
-2 months BZD

72
Q

Describe Ascaris suum general characteristics and treatment.

A

-pigs
-PH (earthworm, dung beetle)
-zoonotic
-egg: round, thick shell, mammilated
>last 10 yrs
-per os
-PPP: 6-8wk
>clinical signs before
-egg w/ L2 = 1-3mo

73
Q

Describe Ascaris suum clinical signs & treatment/prevention.

A

CLINICAL SIGNS
-milk spots on liver
-heavy infections = worms in feces/pneumonia (<4mo age)
-intestinal disturbance
-slow weight gain
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
-outdoor & indoor pigs
-hard to control
-feed thru Anthelmintics
-treat pigs at weaning
-wash sows

74
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Heterakoida spp.

A

-birds
-direct
-PH (litter beetles)
-egg: oval, thick, smooth outside
-L3 infective

75
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Ascaridia spp.

A

‘Roundworm’
-domestic/wild birds; chickens
-PH = earthworms, beetle
-sm intestine
-egg: oval thick shell
-lg worm 8-12cm
*ascaridia galli = chicken
*ascaridia dissimilis = turkey

76
Q

Describe the clinical signs & diagnosis of Ascaridia spp.

A

CLINICAL
-weight loss related to worm burden
-sm intestine obstruction
-young chick more affected
DIAGNOSIS
-egg in fecal float (larger than Heterakis)

77
Q

Describe Heterakis spp. general characteristics.

A

‘Poultry cecal worm’
-domestic/wild bird; chicken & turkey
-PH = earthworm, beetles
-lg intestine
-oval thick shell egg (smaller)
*heterakis gallinarum = chicken & turkey

78
Q

Describe the different species of Heterakis & their clinical signs.

A
  1. Heterakis gallinarum
    -most common
    -nonpathogenic normally
    -transmits Histomonas meleagridis (Protozoa)
    >causes blackheads in turkeys & kill them
  2. Heterakis isolonche
    -pathogenic
    -diarrhea
    -emanciation
    -death
  3. Heterakis dispar
    -nonpathogenic
79
Q

Describe Oxyuris equi general characteristics.

A

‘Pinworm’
-equid
-direct
-non bursate
-adults in lg intestine
>long pointed tail
-eggs: oval with one side flat & single operculum
>around perineum
>glue irritant
>L3 in egg (infective stage)
-PPP = 4-5mo

80
Q

Describe the clinical signs & treatment of Oxyuris equi.

A

CLINICAL SIGN
-pruritus
-perianal irritation
-broken tail hair
DIAGNOSIS
-adhesive tape or scraping
-no fecal float

81
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Superfamily Filarioidea.

A

-indirect
-none in alimentary tract
-female lay larvae (mf)
-MF -> L3 in IH

82
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Dirofilaria immitis.

A

‘Heartworm’
-dogs, cats, mammals
-zoonotic (rare)
-IH = mosquito
-adults in pulmonary artery (30cm)
-L3/L4 in SQ fat
-mf in blood
-PPP: 6-9 mo
-L3 -> adult = 6MO
-L3 -> adult -> mf = 6-9mo

83
Q

Describe the clinical signs & diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis.

A

CLINICAL:
-cough
-asymptomatic
-exercise intolerance
DIAGNOSIS
-antigen test for female worms (mf test)
>ELISA, lateral flow immuno, lab based
*blood test:
-blood smear
-knotts test
>conc larvae & stain
Limitations:
*occult infections = single sex -> no mf
*MCLs (preventatives) decrease mf

84
Q

Describe prevention for Dirofilaria immitis.

A

-MCL monthly
>kills L3/L4 the larvae in the prev month
>moxidectin kills forwards & backwards & stays in SQ fat after 2-3mo
-start prevention at 4 or 8 weeks
*test first if >6MO age not on preventative
-test + prevention yearly

85
Q

Describe the treatment of adult worm of Dictofilaria immitis.

A

GOAL:
-improve clinical signs
-eliminate all stages
-minimize post treatment complications
1. Stabilize dog
2. Kill L3/L4 by placing on preventative
3. Kill Wolbachia spp via antibiotic
4. Kill L5/immature/adults with melarosomine (2-3 inj over 30d)
5. Kill mf if not already in the preventative

86
Q

Describe Acanthocheilonema reconditum.

A

-dogs
-indirect
-IH = fleas, lice, ticks
-adults in SQ tissue
-MF in blood
-non pathogenic but mf can be confused w D. Immitis

87
Q

Describe Setaria equina.

A

-equids
-indirect
-IH = mosquito
-adults in peritoneal cavity (seen in surg)
-MF in peripheral blood
-nonpathogenic

88
Q

Describe Onchocerca cervicalis.

A

‘Neck threadworms’
-equid
-indirect
-IH = culicoides spp (insert)
-adults in coiled tissue nodules (nuchal lig)
-MF in tissue space of skin
>dermatitis, lesions
-DIAGNOSIS = skin biopsy
-TREATMENT = mf w MCL

89
Q

Describe Draschia megastoma & Habronema spp general characteristics.

A

‘Stomach nematode’
-equid
-indirect
-IH = flies, musca spp or stomoxys calcitrans
-adults in stomach
-lost larvae (L3) on face
-egg: thin shell, larvated in fresh feces paper clip!

90
Q

Describe the clinical signs, diagnosis & treatment/prevention of Draschia megastoma & Habronema spp.

A

CLINICAL SIGN
-adults non pathogenic
-nodules in stomach
-heavy infection = gastritis (not common)
-lost larvae on face = summer sores
-granular conjunctivitis
DIAGNOSIS
-skin scrape
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
-face masks
-MCL for adults
-freeze larvae
-anti inflammatory

91
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Thelazia spp.

A

-horse, ruminants, dogs, cats
-zoonotic
-indirect
-IH = flies, Musca
-adults in eyes
-egg: thin shell, larvated

92
Q

Describe the clinical signs in dogs vs horses & the treatment.

A

CLINICAL SIGNS
Horse & cattle
-no issue
-common in horse
-severe cases treated
Dogs & cats
-asymptomatic
-mild conjunctivitis
-severe = blindness
TREATMENT
-mechanical removal
-MCLs

93
Q

Describe the general characteristics spirocerca lupi.

A

‘Esophageal worm’
-dogs
-indirect
-IH = dung beetle
-PH = bird, mice, lizard
-adults in esophagus
-adults red & in granulomas
-egg: thick, contains L1
-PPP: 6MO

94
Q

Describe the clinical signs, diagnosis, & treatment for Spirocerca lupi.

A

CLINICAL SIGNS
-osteosarcoma
-asymptomatic
-difficulty swallowing -> weight loss
-regurgitation
DIAGNOSIS
-eggs in feces/vomit if open granulosa
-endoscopy & radiography ***
TREATMENT
-MCLs

95
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Physaloptera spp.

A

-dogs, cats
-similar to spirocerca (+egg)
-PPP = 2-5mo
-indirect
-IH = roach
-PH various
-adult in stomach

96
Q

Describe the clinical signs, diagnosis, & treatment of Physaloptera spp.

A

CLINICAL SIGNS
-severe infection, thickened gastric mucosa
-asymptomatic (1-2 worms)
-gastritis
-vomiting
-dehydration
-malnourished
DIAGNOSIS
-eggs in feces, vomit
-direct smear, flotation
-endoscopy *
TREATMENT
-physical removal
-several pyrantel

97
Q

Describe the general characteristics & treatment/prevention of Dracunculus spp.

A

-raccoons, dogs, cats
-indirect
-IH = copepod
-PH = frogs, fish
-adults in SQ tissue
-blister on skin, SQ mass, emerging worm
-females huge
*distinguish worm from lost D. Immitis & A. Reconditum
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
-surgical removal
-dont let animals eat amphibians, drink contaminated water

98
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Strongyloides spp.

A

‘Threadworm’
-percutaneous*, per os
>prenatal (rare), transmammary (somatic)
-PPP = 8-14d
-sm intestine (adult F only, reproduce asexual)
-larvae can migrate thru lungs = bronchitis/pneumonia
-egg with L1 (fecal float)/L1 (baermann)
-L3 infective
-auto infection (immune compromised humans)
>careful when giving steroids to dogs

99
Q

Describe the clinical signs & treatment in Stronglyoides spp.

A

CLINICAL SIGNS
-inflammation in sm intestine
>diarrhea, anorexia/weight loss
-errythematous reaction & urticara (hives)
-lung migration = coughing, pneumonia
TREATMENT
-young animals = some immunity
-Anthelmintics
-zoonosis (some species)

100
Q

Describe Strongyloides stercoralis.

A

-dogs, cats
-per os, percutaneous, transmammary
-egg w L1, or L1
-breeding facility, kennel
-limited immunity
-MCLs
-zoonotic
(Be able to differentiate A. Caninum, T. Canis, F. Hirthi)

101
Q

Describe Strongyloides westeri.

A

-equine
-per os, percutaneous, transmammary
-stables, bedding
-immunity >5MO age
-MCLs + ascarids

102
Q

Describe Strongyloides papillosus.

A

-sheep, goat, cattle
-per os, percutaneous, transmammary
-egg w L1
-some immunity
-sudden death syndrome in calves
-MCLs
(Be able to differentiate Bunostomum, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia)

103
Q

Describe Strongyloides ransoms.

A

-swine
-per os, percutaneous, transmammary
-PPP = 2d
-egg w L1
-dehydration, weight loss
-neonatal pig die before eggs excreted
-strong immunity
-MCLs
-good hygiene

104
Q

Describe Dioctophyme renale general characteristics & treatment.

A

‘Giant kidney worm’
-mink, dog, cat (rare), etc
-zoonotic
-indirect
>PH = fish, frog
>IH = earthworm
-females 1m (males smaller)
-thick shell w bipolar plugs in urine
TREATMENT
-asymptomatic, but can have kidney disease
-remove kidney
-worms in wrong place = abdomen (no eggs aka non patent)

105
Q

Describe Trichuris spp. general characteristics.

A

dog = T. Vulpis, cat = T. Felis, cow = T. Discolor, sheep = T. Ovis, Swine = T. Suis
‘Whipworm’
-cecum, colon
-no age immunity
-species specific host
-thick shelled lemon shape w bipolar plug
-PPP: 6-12 wk

106
Q

Describe Trichuris spp clinical signs & treatment.

A

CLINICAL SIGNS
-heavy infections (common in dogs)= inflammation of cecal mucosa
>diarrhea, weight loss
TREATMENT
-fecal float
-Anthelmintics

107
Q

Describe Capillarids general characteristics.

A

-no age immunity
-direct/indirect
-infection by egg w infective larvae
-adults hairlike, not visible to naked eye
-egg is barrel shaped

E is capillaries & T is trichuris (T has grooves on operculum)
108
Q

Describe Capillarids (indoor & outdoor birds).

A
  1. Capillaria contorta
    -esophagus, crop
    -direct/indirect, earthworm
    -inflammation, emaciation, anemia
  2. Capillaria obsignata
    -intestine
    -direct
    -diarrhea, weight loss
    *BOTH=
    >fecal float
    >benzimidazoles
109
Q

Describe Capillarids in dogs & cats.

A
  1. Pearsonema plica = dogs
  2. Pearsonema feliscati = cats
    -asymptomatic
    -urinary tract, bladder
    -egg in urine
  3. Eucoleus aerophilus = dogs & cats (bronchial)
  4. Eucoleus aerophile = dogs, cats, fox (respiratory system)
    -asymptomatic to severe bronchitis
  5. Eucoleus boehmi
    -fecal float
110
Q

Describe Trichinella spp. general characteristics.

A

-no age immunity
-zoonotic
-direct
-infection by eating L1 in tissue
-adult in sm intestine
-larvae in muscle
-adults short lived
-pig transmission (T. Spiralis)
>rats on pig farm, tail biting, food waste w pig flesh
-human exposure
>eating raw meat (pork, horse, boar, bear)
*diagnosis via meat inspection w acid digestion or squash

Parasitology (8 decks)

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