Neer Chapters 3-4 Flashcards
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Phoenician temple at Komnos, Crete (c. 925–600 BCE). Three pillar-figures inside.
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Syrian-Cretan jewelry from the tomb at Tekke near Knossos. Gold; late 9th century BCE. Extensive use of granulation (tiny gold balls) and filigree (fine gold wire)
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Drawing of a Syrian-Cretan shield from the Cave of Zeus (Mount Ida) on Crete. Bronze; 8th century BCE. Known as “the Hunt Shield,” it depicts warriors fighting wild beasts in concentric rings; the central feline head is embossed.
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Syrian-Cretan lyre-player, from Crete. Bronze; 8th century BCE.
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Reconstruction drawing of the apsidal hall at Lefkandi, Euboia. 10th century BCE. Dashed lines indicate the burial site of the “hero” and his consort.
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Phoenician bowl from the Toumba cemetery (Grave 55), decorated with concentric rings featuring panthers and sphinxes. Bronze; c. 10th century BCE.
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Attic Submycenaean stirrup jar from the Kerameikos cemetery, Athens. Ceramic, c. 11th century BCE.
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Attic Protogeometric neck-handled amphora. Ceramic; c. 1050-950 BCE. Compare the semicircles on the shoulder to those in 3.7
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Attic Early Geometric neck-handled amphora. Ceramic; c. 900-850 BCE.
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Attic Middle Geometric belly-handled amphora from Eleusis. Ceramic, c. 860-760 BCE
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Attic Late Geometric I belly-handled amphora. Ceramic; c. 760-735 BCE. Main panel, level with the handles, shows mourners with the body of a woman.
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Attic Late Geometric I krater: funeral processions. Ceramic; c. 760-735 BCE.
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Attic Late Geometric I krater (detail): fight at a ship. Ceramic, c. 750-735 BCE.
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Attic Late Geometric II neck-handled amphora: mourners, warriors and horses. Ceramic; c. 735-690 BCE.
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Euboian Late Geometric krater from Cyprus (the Cesnola krater). Ceramic; mid-8th century BCE. At center, goats nibble a Tree of Life and to either side are horses with double axes (Bronze Age holdovers?).
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Euboian Sub-Protogeometric skyphos (cup) decorated with pendant semicircles. Ceramic; 10th-8th century BCE. This type of cup is found around the Mediterranean and plays an important role in the archaeology of the period.
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Ionian “bird bowl.” Ceramic; c. 625 BCE. Important pottery type, widely distributed in the East Greek world.
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Development of Athenian cremation burials over time. Drawing shows how changes in pottery style correspond roughly to changes in burial practices.
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Reconstruction drawing of Smyrna (modern Izmir, on the west coast of Turkey) in the 8th century BCE. Note the city wall.
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Armor from a “heroic” burial at Argos. Bronze; late 8th century BCE. Helmet resembles those worn by soldiers of the Assyrian Empire.
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Bronze urn for holding cremated remains, with marble lid and stone receptacle. From the West Gate cemetery at Eretria; c. 720 BCE.
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Phases of the West Gate cemetery at Eretria, showing how a private grave evolved into a family cemetery and, eventually, a monumental shrine.
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Plan of a probably ruler’s dwelling at Nichoria in the Peloponnesos (phase IV.I); c. 975-800 BCE. Note the paved circle towards the rear: used for cult activity, it suggests a close association between the ruler and religion. Compare 2.2 (Early Helladic), 5.10 (Middle Helladic), and 3.5 (Protogeometric).
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Phases of the Temple of Apollo Daphnephoros (the Laurel-Bearer) at Eretria, showing its evolution from an apsidal hall into a rectilinear temple with a surrounding colonnade.
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Model of an apsidal house or temple, from Perachora, near Corinth. Terracotta; early 8th century BCE.
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Late Minoan goddess head reused as a cult image of Dionysos at the site of Aghia Irini on the island of Kea. Re-use: mid-8th century BCE.
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Rectilinear temple-model from the sanctuary of Hera near Argos. Terracotta; late 8th century BCE. The meaning of the painted patterns is unclear: are they merely decorative, or do they represent architectural features or religious symbols?
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Plan showing the phases of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesos. Late 8th century BCE. The dots around the perimeter represent the colonnade (peristyle).
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Distribution of shrines in the region of Corinth during the Geometric period.
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Animal figurines from the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia. Bronze; mostly 8th century BCE.
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Reconstruction of a tripod cauldron with hammered legs, from Olympia. Bronze; 8th century BCE. Note the small horse figurines attached to the handles.
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“Smiting” figure from the handle of a tripod at Olympia. Bronze; 8th century. Unclear whether such figured represent gods or mortals.
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Semitic “smiting” god wearing an Egyptian crown. Bronze; 9th-8th century BCE.
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Part of the leg of a tripod from Olympia. Bronze; 8th century BCE. Upper panel: two males dueling over a tripod. In later Greek art, this scene would be taken to represent a fight between Apollo and Herakles for the sacred tripod of Delphi (see 0.3). Unclear whether the scene illustrates this myth or if the myth was created to make sense of these enigmatic scenes.
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Small figure of Apollo, dedicated by Mantiklos. Said to be from Boeotia. Bronze; c. 700 BCE. Hole in the left hand suggests that he held a cylindrical object, perhaps a bow.
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Evolution of the Greek alphabet from Near Eastern prototypes. The earliest Canaanite letters are little pictures, each sound corresponding to the thing depicted. These meanings were lost in the translation into Greek. Phi, khi, and psi developed later.
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East Greek (Rhodian) cup (Late Geometric) with inscription, from the island of Ischia in the Bay of Naples (“the Nestor Cup”). Ceramic; c. 720 BCE.
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Figurine of a centaur (?) from the Toumba cemetery at Lefkandi. Terracotta; 900 BCE. Centaurs – half horse, half human, and common in later Greek art. At this date, unclear if all horsey figures are centaurs – so identity is not completely certain.
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Middle Protocorinthian jug (the Chigi Vase); a battle scene. Ceramic; mid-7th century BCE. Soldiers have characteristic hoplite armor and weapons: helmet, breastplate, shin guards, round shield and spear. They march at their opponents in ranks as a piper keeps time. (4.19 also Chigi Vase)
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Late Geometric Corinthian cup (Thapsos cup) from Roca. Ceramic; late 7th century BCE.
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Aerial view of modern Syracuse, on the island of Ortygia, where many streets follow paths laid out by the Greeks in the 8th century BCE. Inset plan shows the relation of ancient streets to modern ones.
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Development of houses at Megara Hyblaia, Sicily, in the 8th century BCE. A – the single room huts of the first settlers; B – gradual evolution into multi-room houses and residential complexes.
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Cumae, section view of the Fondo Artiaco cemetery. At far left is the “princely” grave (no. 104). Late 8th century BCE.
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Map of Metapontion and environs, c. 600 BCE, showing the location of religious sanctuaries in the countryside. Incoronata is at left of Metapontion, the Temple of Hera at right.
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Basin (perirrhanterion) from Incoronata near Metapontion. Terracotta, c. 640 BCE. General view and detail of Perseus and running gorgons. Such basins were locally made and likely had a cultic function. They may derive from a pre-Greek tradition, but the iconography is largely Greek (compare 4.24).
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Frieze from the earliest Temple of Athena, Metapontion: procession. Terracotta; c. 575 BCE. Similar friezes have been found elsewhere in the region.
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Cauldron with protomes in the form of griffin heads and sirens, atop a tripod with rod legs. Bronze; late 8th century BCE. Unclear whether it is of Greek or Phoenician manufacture; found in cosmopolitan Cyprus.
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Griffin protome from Olympia. Bronze; late 7th century BCE.
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Siren-shaped handle attachment to a cauldron, found at Delphi. Bronze; late 8th century BCE.
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Phrygian cauldron with handles in the form of sirens, from Gordion in central Anatolia. Bronze; 8th century BCE.
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Jewelry from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesos. Gold; c. 620 BCE.
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Openwork plaque with standing sphinx from Nimrud in modern-day Iraq. Neo-Assyrian period, Phoenician style. Ivory; 9th-8th century BCE.
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Sphinx from the sanctuary of Hera at Perachora, near Corinth. Ivory; c. 650 BCE.
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Storage jar (pithos) from the island of Tinos with molded and incised decoration: Perseus killing Medousa. Ceramic; c. 675-650 BCE. The monster’s stare turns men to stone, so Perseus averts his gaze as he cuts off her head.
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Bronze sheet with relief decoration: centaurs killing the hero Kaineus by pounding him into the ground with tree trunks. Cycladic, from Olympia. Late 7th century BCE.
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Middle Protocorinthian oil flask. Ceramic, c. 650 BCE. Upper part is molded into the form of a woman’s head. On the body, in black figure, is a battle (two heroes duel over the body of a third); below is a frieze of running dogs.
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Middle Protocorinthian jug (the Chigi Vase). From bottom to top: youths coursing horse riders; hoplite battle. Ceramic; mid-7th century BCE. See also 4.1.
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Wild Goat Style pitcher. Ceramic; c. 640-630 BCE.
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Parian amphora from Melos. Ceramic; mid-7th century BCE. On the neck, two heroes duel over a set of armor, while women watch. On the body, Apollo brings maidens to the island of Delos in a chariot drawn by winged horses; the goddess Artemis greets them, holding a deer.
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Early Protoattic amphora by the Anatalos Painter. Ceramic; early 7th century BCE. On the body is a chariot procession; on the neck, men and women dance; at the lip are sphinxes. Men are all nude, women are all clothed.
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Middle Protoattic jug from Aegina (the Ram Jug): Odysseus and his men cling to the bellies of rams to escape from the Cyclops Polyphemos. Ceramic; mid-7th century BCE.
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Middle Protoattic amphora from Eleusis. On the neck, Odysseus and his men blind Polyphemos; on the shoulder a lion attacks a boar; on the body Gorgons chase Perseus. Ceramic; third quarter of the 7th century BCE.
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Wild Goat Style plate from Rhodes: Menelaus fights Hector over the body of Euphorbos (all three are labeled). Ceramic; mid-7th century BCE. Note the pair of eyes at center: it is as though the plate were staring back at its viewer.
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Lamp from Selinous, probably manufactured in the Cyclades. Marble; late 7th century BCE. Shallow tray on top is for holding oil. A wick would have passed through the hole in the woman’s head; when it was lit, she would have seemed to have a bright flame atop her head.
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Jewelry from Kamiros on the island of Rhodes. Gold; mid-to-late 7th century BCE. A – winged goddess holding lions, probably Artemis as “Mistress of the Animals;” B – a horse-man holding a hare. From the lower edges dangle pomegranates.
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Aniconic dedication to Apollo. From the sanctuary of Apollo Lykaios at Metapontion. Stone; mid-6th century BCE.
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Relief from the acropolis of Gortyn on Crete: Apollo between Leto and Artemis (?). Limestone, partially restored; end of the 7th century BCE. Apollo is largely missing, but clearly was striding to the left, his arms extended to grasp his two companions.
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Handle in the form of four nude females, from Nimrud in modern Iraq. Neo-Assyrian period, Syrian style. Ivory; 8th century BCE.
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Façade of the Prinias temple; reconstruction drawing; second half of 7th century BCE. The space over the doorway is open except for two seated goddesses to either side.
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Seated goddess from the doorway of the temple at Prinias. Limestone; second half of 7th century BCE.
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Kore statuette – the Lady of Auxerre. From Crete, probably Eleutherna. Limestone; second half of 7th century BCE.
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Kore recently unearthed on Thera. Marble; second half of 8th century BCE.
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Kore (Artemis) from Delos, dedication of Nikandre of Naxos. Naxian marble; mid-7th century BCE.
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Kouros figure from Delphi; Cretan. Bronze; c. 650-625 BCE.
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Statue of Mentuemhet, Fourth Priest of Amun and Mayor of Egyptian Thebes, from Karnak, Egypt. Granite; c. 650 BCE.
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Mixing bowl (krater) by Aristonothos (“the Noble Bastard”) from Caere. Ceramic; mid-7th century BCE. A – Odysseus and his men blinding Polyphemus; B – sea battle.
