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1
Q

Protons have a ____ charge

A

Positive

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2
Q

Neutrons have a _____ charge

A

No Charge

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3
Q

Electrons have a ______ charge

A

Negative

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4
Q

Half life order from least to most:
Y, Au, I131, Pd, Sr-89, I125, Ir, Co, Sr-90, C, Ra

A

-Yttrium (Y-90)
-Gold (Au-198)
-Iodine (I-131)
-Palladium (Pd-103)
-Strontium (Sr-89)
-Iodine (I-125)
-Iridium (Ir-192)
-Cobalt (Co-60)
-Strontium (Sr-90)
-Cesium (C-137)
-Radium (Ra-226)

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5
Q

Half life order from least to most (numbers): Y, Au, I131, Pd, Sr-89, I125, Ir, Co, Sr-90, C, Ra

A

-2.67 days (Y-90)
-2.7 days (Au-198)
-8 days (I-131)
-17 days (Pd-103)
-50.5 days (Sr-89)
-59.4 days (I-125)
-73.8 days (Ir-192)
-5.26 years (Co-60)
-28 years (Sr-90)
-30 years (C-137)
-1,622 years (Ra-226)

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6
Q

Tx area for: Y-90 (Yttrium) =

A

Liver and lymphoma tx

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7
Q

Tx area for: Au-198 (Gold) =

A

Prostate seeds

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8
Q

Tx area for: I-131 (Iodine) =

A

Thyroid

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9
Q

Tx area for: Pd-103 (Palladium) =

A

Prostate implants

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10
Q

Tx area for: Sr-89 (Strontium) =

A

Bone met pain

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11
Q

Tx area for: I-125 (Iodine) =

A

Prostate implants

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12
Q

Tx area for: Ir-192 (Iridium) =

A

HDR tx, nylon ribbons w seeds

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13
Q

Tx area for: Co-60 (Cobalt) =

A

External beam tx

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14
Q

Tx area for: Sr-90 (Strontium) =

A

Cancers in the eye

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15
Q

Tx area for: C-137 (Cesium) =

A

Brachytherapy for cervix or uterus

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16
Q

Radium is the ____ isotope

A

Original

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17
Q

4 R’s of Radiation

A

-Repopulation
-Redistribution
-Repair
-Reoxygenation

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18
Q

Repopulation is:

A

Remaining cells undergo mitosis to repopulate tissues

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19
Q

Redistribution is:

A

Cells transition into a more radiosensitive cell cycle (easier destruction)

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20
Q

Repair is:

A

Healthy tissues use O2 to repair, malignant cells are hypoxic and cannot repair

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21
Q

Reoxygenation is:

A

Malignant (hypoxic) cells become radiosensitive by O2

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22
Q

Linear energy transfer (LET):

A

Rate of energy deposited into material as radiation travels through it

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23
Q

Hounsfield Units in tissue:

A

-1000 = air
-400/-600 = lung
-50/-100 = fat
0 = water
+15 = CSF
+30/+45 = blood
+50 = muscle
+1000 = dense bone

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24
Q

2 types of electron interactions:

A

Bremsstrahlung, Characteristic

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25
Bremsstrahlung Interaction:
electron interacts near nucleus by slowing, but never directly interacts with it, instead changes direction creating brem x-ray
26
Characteristic interaction:
electron interacts with orbiting electron from either the K, L, M shell. K shell creates the highest energy photon and can be used for diagnostic X-rays, not therapeutic
27
Photon interactions:
Coherent scatter, Compton scatter, photoelectric effect, pair production, photodisintegration (photonuclear)
28
Coherent Scatter:
Photon interacts with OUTER shell electron, changes direction with NO energy lost -creates excitation -low energies <10 kEv
29
Compton Scatter:
Photon interacts with OUTER shell, changes direction with SOME energy lost -most common interaction in radiation therapy
30
Photoelectric Effect:
Photon interacts with INNER shell electron, energy is ABSORBED by the electron and then EJECTED as a photoelectron -characteristic interaction is a secondary effect to fill the gap -most common interaction in diagnostic radiation
31
Pair production:
Photon interacts with the NUCLEUS, disappearing and reappearing as an ELECTRON PAIR (positron + electron) -threshold : >1.022 MeV
32
Photodisintegration (photonuclear):
Photon interacts with NUCLEUS releasing NEUTRON -occurs in high Z# material + energies >10 mV
33
Cell Cycle:
M, G1, S, G2
34
Most radioresistant cell cycle phase:
S
35
Most radiosensitive cell cycle phase:
M, G2
36
Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau
Rapidly proliferating/dividing cells (ie. stem, precursor) are easily affected by radt compared to mature cells (kidney, liver, muscle)
37
Dose-response curves:
Linear Threshold Linear Non-threshold Non-Linear Threshold Non-linear non-threshold
38
Linear:
response is directly proportional to the dose received
39
Non-linear:
response is not proportional to the dose received
40
Threshold:
response does not occur before a specific dose (threshold)
41
Non-Threshold:
response can occur before a certain threshold (can occur at any time)
42
Example of a linear non-threshold model:
Incidence of cancer with radiation exposure
43
Example of a linear threshold model:
Erythema occurring after 1600 cGy
44
After radiation damage cells either ____ or _____
regenerate or repair
45
regeneration after damage is
cells being replaced by the same cell type
46
repair after damage is:
cells being replaced by different cell type (causes fibrosis and scarring)
47
Somatic Effects:
-early -late -stochastic -deterministic
48
Early effects:
Occur within 6 mo of tx (ie. erythema)
49
Late effects:
Occur after 6 mo. of tx (ie. scarring)
50
Stochastic effects:
Linear, non-threshold. NON-PREDICTABLE The chance of the effect depends on the dose (ie. more exposure to radiation = more likely to develop cancer)
51
Deterministic effects:
Non-linear, threshold. PREDICTABLE The chance of the effect depends on the severity of dose (ie. cataracts develops at a certain threshold with certain severity)
52
Absorbed dose:
Energy absorbed in MATTER SI: Gy / Traditional: rad
53
Dose equivalent:
Energy absorbed by a PERSON SI: sV / Traditional: rem
54
Exposure:
Ionizations in air SI: Coulomb/kilo / Tradiitonal: Roentgen
55
Tissue weighting:
Bone/skin: 0.1 Bladder/breast/liver: 0.05 Bone marrow, colon, lung: 0.12 Gonads: 0.20
56
Cerrobend is made of:
BLT w Cheese Bismuth (50%) Lead (27%) Tin (13%) Cadmium (10%)
57
1 Gy =
1 sV 100 cGy 100 rad
58
1 sV =
1 Gy 100 rem 1,000 mSv
59
1 rem =
1 rad 10 mSv 1,000 mrem
60
Cardinal Principles of ALARA:
Time, Distance, Shielding
61
OCCUPATIONAL exposure limits:
Annual: 5 rem (50 mSv) Cumulative: 1 rem x age Lens of Eye: 15 rem Skin, Hands, Feet: 50 rem
62
PUBLIC exposure limits:
Annual (frequent): 0.1 rem (1 mSv) Annual (infrequent): 0.5 rem (5 mSv) Lens of eye: 1.5 rem Skin, Hands, Feet: 5 rem ** remember 10x less than occupational exposure **
63
Barrier for alpha rays:
Paper/skin
64
Barrier for beta rays:
Aluminum
65
Barrier for gamma rays:
Lead
66
Barrier for neutrons:
Concrete
67
Radiation area:
>0.005 rem/hr
68
High radiation area:
> 0.1 rem/hr

Need to Know (3 decks)

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