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Need to Know Flashcards

1
Q

Protons have a ____ charge

A

Positive

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2
Q

Neutrons have a _____ charge

A

No Charge

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3
Q

Electrons have a ______ charge

A

Negative

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4
Q

Half life order from least to most:
Y, Au, I131, Pd, Sr-89, I125, Ir, Co, Sr-90, C, Ra

A

-Yttrium (Y-90)
-Gold (Au-198)
-Iodine (I-131)
-Palladium (Pd-103)
-Strontium (Sr-89)
-Iodine (I-125)
-Iridium (Ir-192)
-Cobalt (Co-60)
-Strontium (Sr-90)
-Cesium (C-137)
-Radium (Ra-226)

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5
Q

Half life order from least to most (numbers): Y, Au, I131, Pd, Sr-89, I125, Ir, Co, Sr-90, C, Ra

A

-2.67 days (Y-90)
-2.7 days (Au-198)
-8 days (I-131)
-17 days (Pd-103)
-50.5 days (Sr-89)
-59.4 days (I-125)
-73.8 days (Ir-192)
-5.26 years (Co-60)
-28 years (Sr-90)
-30 years (C-137)
-1,622 years (Ra-226)

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6
Q

Tx area for: Y-90 (Yttrium) =

A

Liver and lymphoma tx

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7
Q

Tx area for: Au-198 (Gold) =

A

Prostate seeds

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8
Q

Tx area for: I-131 (Iodine) =

A

Thyroid

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9
Q

Tx area for: Pd-103 (Palladium) =

A

Prostate implants

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10
Q

Tx area for: Sr-89 (Strontium) =

A

Bone met pain

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11
Q

Tx area for: I-125 (Iodine) =

A

Prostate implants

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12
Q

Tx area for: Ir-192 (Iridium) =

A

HDR tx, nylon ribbons w seeds

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13
Q

Tx area for: Co-60 (Cobalt) =

A

External beam tx

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14
Q

Tx area for: Sr-90 (Strontium) =

A

Cancers in the eye

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15
Q

Tx area for: C-137 (Cesium) =

A

Brachytherapy for cervix or uterus

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16
Q

Radium is the ____ isotope

A

Original

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17
Q

4 R’s of Radiation

A

-Repopulation
-Redistribution
-Repair
-Reoxygenation

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18
Q

Repopulation is:

A

Remaining cells undergo mitosis to repopulate tissues

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19
Q

Redistribution is:

A

Cells transition into a more radiosensitive cell cycle (easier destruction)

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20
Q

Repair is:

A

Healthy tissues use O2 to repair, malignant cells are hypoxic and cannot repair

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21
Q

Reoxygenation is:

A

Malignant (hypoxic) cells become radiosensitive by O2

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22
Q

Linear energy transfer (LET):

A

Rate of energy deposited into material as radiation travels through it

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23
Q

Hounsfield Units in tissue:

A

-1000 = air
-400/-600 = lung
-50/-100 = fat
0 = water
+15 = CSF
+30/+45 = blood
+50 = muscle
+1000 = dense bone

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24
Q

2 types of electron interactions:

A

Bremsstrahlung, Characteristic

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25
Q

Bremsstrahlung Interaction:

A

electron interacts near nucleus by slowing, but never directly interacts with it, instead changes direction creating brem x-ray

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26
Q

Characteristic interaction:

A

electron interacts with orbiting electron from either the K, L, M shell. K shell creates the highest energy photon and can be used for diagnostic X-rays, not therapeutic

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27
Q

Photon interactions:

A

Coherent scatter, Compton scatter, photoelectric effect, pair production, photodisintegration (photonuclear)

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28
Q

Coherent Scatter:

A

Photon interacts with OUTER shell electron, changes direction with NO energy lost
-creates excitation
-low energies <10 kEv

29
Q

Compton Scatter:

A

Photon interacts with OUTER shell, changes direction with SOME energy lost
-most common interaction in radiation therapy

30
Q

Photoelectric Effect:

A

Photon interacts with INNER shell electron, energy is ABSORBED by the electron and then EJECTED as a photoelectron
-characteristic interaction is a secondary effect to fill the gap
-most common interaction in diagnostic radiation

31
Q

Pair production:

A

Photon interacts with the NUCLEUS, disappearing and reappearing as an ELECTRON PAIR (positron + electron)
-threshold : >1.022 MeV

32
Q

Photodisintegration (photonuclear):

A

Photon interacts with NUCLEUS releasing NEUTRON
-occurs in high Z# material + energies >10 mV

33
Q

Cell Cycle:

A

M, G1, S, G2

34
Q

Most radioresistant cell cycle phase:

A

S

35
Q

Most radiosensitive cell cycle phase:

A

M, G2

36
Q

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

A

Rapidly proliferating/dividing cells (ie. stem, precursor) are easily affected by radt compared to mature cells (kidney, liver, muscle)

37
Q

Dose-response curves:

A

Linear Threshold
Linear Non-threshold
Non-Linear Threshold
Non-linear non-threshold

38
Q

Linear:

A

response is directly proportional to the dose received

39
Q

Non-linear:

A

response is not proportional to the dose received

40
Q

Threshold:

A

response does not occur before a specific dose (threshold)

41
Q

Non-Threshold:

A

response can occur before a certain threshold (can occur at any time)

42
Q

Example of a linear non-threshold model:

A

Incidence of cancer with radiation exposure

43
Q

Example of a linear threshold model:

A

Erythema occurring after 1600 cGy

44
Q

After radiation damage cells either ____ or _____

A

regenerate or repair

45
Q

regeneration after damage is

A

cells being replaced by the same cell type

46
Q

repair after damage is:

A

cells being replaced by different cell type (causes fibrosis and scarring)

47
Q

Somatic Effects:

A

-early
-late
-stochastic
-deterministic

48
Q

Early effects:

A

Occur within 6 mo of tx (ie. erythema)

49
Q

Late effects:

A

Occur after 6 mo. of tx (ie. scarring)

50
Q

Stochastic effects:

A

Linear, non-threshold. NON-PREDICTABLE
The chance of the effect depends on the dose (ie. more exposure to radiation = more likely to develop cancer)

51
Q

Deterministic effects:

A

Non-linear, threshold. PREDICTABLE
The chance of the effect depends on the severity of dose (ie. cataracts develops at a certain threshold with certain severity)

52
Q

Absorbed dose:

A

Energy absorbed in MATTER
SI: Gy / Traditional: rad

53
Q

Dose equivalent:

A

Energy absorbed by a PERSON
SI: sV / Traditional: rem

54
Q

Exposure:

A

Ionizations in air
SI: Coulomb/kilo / Tradiitonal: Roentgen

55
Q

Tissue weighting:

A

Bone/skin: 0.1
Bladder/breast/liver: 0.05
Bone marrow, colon, lung: 0.12
Gonads: 0.20

56
Q

Cerrobend is made of:

A

BLT w Cheese
Bismuth (50%)
Lead (27%)
Tin (13%)
Cadmium (10%)

57
Q

1 Gy =

A

1 sV
100 cGy
100 rad

58
Q

1 sV =

A

1 Gy
100 rem
1,000 mSv

59
Q

1 rem =

A

1 rad
10 mSv
1,000 mrem

60
Q

Cardinal Principles of ALARA:

A

Time, Distance, Shielding

61
Q

OCCUPATIONAL exposure limits:

A

Annual: 5 rem (50 mSv)
Cumulative: 1 rem x age
Lens of Eye: 15 rem
Skin, Hands, Feet: 50 rem

62
Q

PUBLIC exposure limits:

A

Annual (frequent): 0.1 rem (1 mSv)
Annual (infrequent): 0.5 rem (5 mSv)
Lens of eye: 1.5 rem
Skin, Hands, Feet: 5 rem
** remember 10x less than occupational exposure **

63
Q

Barrier for alpha rays:

A

Paper/skin

64
Q

Barrier for beta rays:

A

Aluminum

65
Q

Barrier for gamma rays:

A

Lead

66
Q

Barrier for neutrons:

A

Concrete

67
Q

Radiation area:

A

> 0.005 rem/hr

68
Q

High radiation area:

A

> 0.1 rem/hr

need to know (3 decks)

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