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316 Pharmacology > NEED TO FINISH/slide 19 Final: Infection, immunity, antibiotics > Flashcards

NEED TO FINISH/slide 19 Final: Infection, immunity, antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic system is part of the

A

Circulatory system and also a vital part of the immune system

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2
Q

Lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that

A

Help rid the body of toxins, waster, and other unwanted material

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3
Q

Lymph consists primarily of

A

Water and small amounts of dissolved proteins

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4
Q

Lymph also carries two types of immune system cells

A

Lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

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5
Q

Lymph nodes do what

A

Produce and store cells that fight infection and disease

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6
Q

How many Lymph nodes are in the human body

A

600-700 LNs

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7
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Filter of lymph, catching any debris or cells present in the lymph

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8
Q

Lymph vessels

A

Thin walled, valved structures that carry lymph

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9
Q

Tonsils

A

Large cluster of lymphatic cells found in the pharynx

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10
Q

Thymus =

A

organ where t-cells mature, t-cells help destroy infected or cancerous cells

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11
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphatic organ in the body contains WBC that fight infection and disease

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12
Q

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

A

a diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body, such as the GI tract, thyroid, breast, lungs, salivary glands, eyes, and skin.

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13
Q

Innate immunity

A

Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes

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14
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Slower responses to specific microbes

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15
Q

First line of defense

A

Physical and biochemical barriers and the human microbiome

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16
Q

Examples of first line defense

A

Physical barriers
Epithelial cell-derives chemicals
Normal microbiome

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17
Q

Second line of defense

A

Inflammation

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18
Q

Inflammation occurs in

A

Tissues with a blood supply

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19
Q

Inflammation is activated

A

Rapidly! (Within seconds)

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20
Q

Inflammation depends on

A

Activity of both the cellular and chemical components

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21
Q

Is inflammation specific or non-specific?

A

Non-specific

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22
Q

Inflammations plasma proteins system examples

A

Complement system
Clotting system
Kinin system

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23
Q

Cellular components of inflammation

A 
Platelets 
Leukocytes 
Granulocytes 
Monocytes 
Lymphocytes
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24
Q

Examples of granulocytes

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

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25
Neutrophils action
Phagocytize bacteria, cellular debris, and dead cells
26
1st leukocyte on the scene of injury
Neutrophils
27
Life span of neutrophils
Short (2-5 days)
28
Phagocytize release
Chemotaxic factors that attract macrophages
29
neutrophils account for ____ of WBC count
60-80
30
Mature neutrophils
polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs) polys segs neuts
31
Immature neutrophils
Bands
32
Are basophils and mast cells the same cell?
NO! they are different cells but function in the same way
33
Basophils circulate
Blood
34
Mast cells are found in the
loose connective tissues and mucous membranes, close to blood vessels
35
Basophils and mast cells function
- Release chemotactic factors that attract eosinophils and neutrophils - Please content of granules (degranulation) when stimulated (histamine, serotonin) - Involved in allergic rxn
36
Eosinophils serve as the body's primary defense against
Parasites
37
Eosinophils play important role in
Allergic and hypersensitivity rxn
38
Are eosinophils phagocytic
No, instead they "throw up" and coat to kill cell
39
Killing mechanisms of eosinophils
Binds to and degranulate ONTO parasite, damaging its surface and killing it
40
eosinophils are natural killer cells which is a components of
Innate immunity
41
A monocyte is an
Immature macrophage
42
Monocytes migrate out of the
Bloodstream and into the tissues and matures into a macrophage under the influence of chemical mediators released by neutrophils
43
Monocytes/macrophage arrive at the site of inflammation and infection after
24 hours and gradually replace neutrophils
44
Main functions of monocyte/macrophage
Phagocytosis of invading bacteria and secretion of cytokines
45
Third life of defense is known as
Adaptive immunity
46
Adaptive immunity develops
More slowly than inflammation
47
Is adaptive immunity Specific?
It is exquisitely specific
48
Adaptive immunity has
MEMORY
49
Antigens/immunogens of adaptive immunity stimulate antibody/immunoglobulin (IG) production:
``` igG igA igM igD igE ```
50
Lymphocytes that art part of the adaptive immunity
B lymphocytes | T lymphocytes
51
B lymphocytes is what kind of immune response
Humoral immune response
52
T lymphocytes is what kind of immune response
Cell-mediated immune response
53
Examples of T lymphocytes
T- helper cells T- cytotoxic cells T-regulatory (suppressor) cells
54
Bacteria can be divided into categories depending on
Shape Arrangement Gram staining characteristics
55
Shape of a bacterium is determined by
Its rigid cell wall and will also determine gram staining characteristics
56
Colonization
in a healthy state, it is normal to find a permanent population of bacteria and fungi inhabiting various body surfaces
57
Microbiota (normal flora) serves as a
Barrier to pathogenic organisms
58
In the immunocompromised, the "normal flora" can become pathogenic
59
Pyogenesis
Puf formation (pyo=pus)
60
Pyogenic (pus-forming bacteria) are bacteria that are
powerful attractants to neutrophils
61
Pyrexia (fever) is an important systemic component of
Inflammation
62
fever causing bacteria is known as a
Pyrogen
63
A pyrogen resets the
Hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting - -- Endotoxins of gram negative bacteria - -- IL-1 (released by macrophages and neutrophils)
64
Bacterial endotoxins lipopolysaccharides are part of the
Cell wall of gram negative bacteria
65
Bacterial endotoxinsWhen are bacterial endotoxins released
When bacteria are destroyed (cell wall lysed)
66
Bacterial endotoxins produce non-specific responses (do not provoke immune response):
Pyrexia Generalized aches Bleeding/Clotting Shock
67
Bacterial exotoxins are proteins secreted by ___ and do what
Secreted by live cells and disrupt cellular function of specific cells ----- VERY POWERFUL
68
Bacterial exotoxins stimulate a
Humoral response: formation of antitoxins (antibodies)
69
is bacterial exotoxins pyrogenic?
No! they are NOT pyrogenic
70
Majority of hospitalized patients receive
Antimicrobials
71
Antimicrobials are most often given for 2 major reasons
Treat a known infection | Prophylaxis: certain clinical situations require use of antibiotics for PREVENTION rather than for treatment
72
Antimicrobial agents are selected on the basis of several factors:
1. Identity of the organism 2. Microbial susceptibility to a particular agent 3. Site of infection 4. Patient factors
73
Why is identifying the organism is important for effective tx
ALWAYS perform culture and sensitivity tests prior to initiating antibiotic therapy --- match the drug with the bug
74
Choice of antibiotic based on bacterial susceptibility to specific drugs. however, immediate empirical therapy may be required in some cases
1. A delay in treatment may be fatal 2. Clinical judgment considers variables such as patient history & clinical presentation 3. Broad spectrum therapy may be indicated initially while waiting for laboratory results
75
Patient factors for antimicrobial agents
``` Immune system function (immunocompetence) Renal function Hepatic function Perfusion to site of infection Age Pregnancy and Lactation ```
76
Indications for prophylactic antimicrobial
- Prevent streptococcal infections in hx of rheumatic heart disease - Undergoing dental extractions who have prosthetic devices - Prevent TB or meningitis - Tx prior to most surgical procedures - Pretreating with zidovudine protects in a HIV infected pregnancy
77
Why are antimicrobials effective
Selective toxicity | -Injure/kill bacterial cells without harming the host cells!
78
How is selective toxicity possible
B/c biochemical differences between the cells of the host and the infecting organisms
79
Is selective toxicity of antimicrobials absolute?
NO! not absolute, selective toxicity is relative
80
Antibiotics are either
Bacteriostatic or bactericidal
81
Bacteriostatic antibiotics reset the
growth cycle of bacteria, thereby limiting spread of infection & allowing the host immune system to eliminate remaining organisms
82
Bactericidal antibiotics kill
All infecting pathogens
83
Narrow spectrum antibiotics
Acts on single or limited group of bacteria
84
Extended spectrum antibiotics
Effective against G+ and a significant number of G- bacteria
85
Broad spectrum antibiotics
target both G+ and G- bacteria
86
Different antimicrobials have different MOA
``` Inhibit cell wall synthesis Inhibit protein synthesis Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis Disrupt cell membrane permeability Work as an antimetabolite ```
87
Issues with antibiotic therapy
``` Hypersensitivity Direct toxicity Superinfection Antibiotic-associated colitis Steven's Johnson syndrome Acquired drug resistance ```
88
Hypersensitivity example
rx to penicillins may range form urticaria to anaphylaxis
89
Direct toxicity examples
Renal and ototoxicity from high serum drug levels of ahminoglycosides
90
Superinfections
Alterations in normal flora may cause overgrowth of opportunistic organisms (yeast) or resistant bacteria
91
Antibiotic associated colitis
destruction of anaerobic bacteria in gut (antibiotic-assiciated pseudomembraneous colitis (AAPMC)/C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD)
92
Clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis
``` Bronchospasm Laryngeal edema Inspiratory stridor Hypotension Circulatory shock Wheal & flare reactions Flushing Pruritus Urticaria Angioedema Facial swelling ```
93
C. diff produces
Enterotoxins that result in inflammation, hemorrhage, necrosis (of colon)
94
Pseudomembrane
Inflammatory lesion composed of thick, adherent exudates
95
C.diff and AAPMC causes
profuse diarrhea & possible toxic megacolon (distended & inflamed colon under influence of bacterial toxins; possible perforation; sepsis; shock; sometimes fatal)
96
TX of CDAD and AAPMC
d/c abx; address F/E balance; administer metronidazole or vancomycin
97
What can cause CDAD and AAPMC
Antibiotics alter normal flora of GI tract, allowing for pathogen to proliferate and attack
98
Stevens johnson syndrome
- Occasionally fatal (15%) rash of skin and mucosa (usually on trunk, face, mucous membranes [eyes, mouth, genitals]) - Lesions painful and itchy - Often precipitated by exposure to certain drugs, especially antibiotics
99
Steven's Johnson syndrome rash
red/papular -> vesicles on erythematous or dusky purple base -? Bullae (fluid filled lesions >5 mm)
100
Tx of Steven's Johnson syndrome
d/c abx; pain management, meticulous hygiene, corticosteroids

316 Pharmacology (19 decks)

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