Exam 3: Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders Flashcards
Inflammatory process
Protective response of the body to harmful stimuli with the goal of removing the irritant and/or limiting its spread
Most common conditions that affect the upper respiratory tract involve the
Inflammatory response and it’s effects on the mucosal layer of the conducting airway
Common cold
Caused by a number of viruses
Seasonal (allergic) Rhinitis
Inflammation of the nasal cavity
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the epithelial cells lining the sinus cavities
Pharyngitis and Laryngitis
Infections of the pharynx and the larynx; caused by common bacteria or viruses
Infection
A contagion of the body tissues with disease causing agents that multiple and lead to a response by the immune system to their presence and the toxins they produce
Causes of common cold
Invasion of body by a cold virus such as rhinovirus or influenza
Symptoms of the common cold
Excess mucus production
Swelling or nasal and sinus mucous membranes
Redness of eyes, nose, and throat
Nasal congestion, coughing, and sneezing
Allergy is a reaction
to something from outside the body
The most common type of allergies
Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions occur after an
individual is sensitized by initial expose to an antigen (allergen)
Examples of antigen
Pollen Mold Dust mites Cockroaches Animal dander Foods
Immune system involvement for type 1 hypersensitivity
Antigen Mast cells that line upper airways Immunoglobin E (ig E) antibosy Eosinophils Cytokines Chemical mediators act locally
What do IgE’s ?
IgE coats the surface of the mast cells in tissues, cause the mast cell to degranulate and release chemical mediators
What chemical mediators are released from a degranulated mast cell
Histamine
Serotonin
Examples of cytokines
Histamine
Serotonin
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins and thomboxanes
Histamine effects
Vasodilation Increases capillary permeability Smooth muscle contraction ---> broncho constriction Urticaria Angioedema
Serotonin effects
Vasodilation
Increase capillary permeability
Smooth muscle contraction —> bronchoconstriction
Leukotrienes is produced during hypersensitivity rxn from
Arachidonic acid via LOX pathway
Leukotrienes effect
Increases capillary permeability
Smooth muscle contraction –> bronchoconstriction
Stimulates the influx of eosinophils and neutrophils into airway tissues
Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are synthesized at
the site, derived from arachidonic acid via COX pathway
Prostaglandins and thromboxane effects
Vascular dilation
Increase capillary permeability
bronchoconstriction
Eosinophil is a type of
White blood cell
Eosinophil sound increase with
Hypersensitivity reactions/diseases
Parasitic diseases
Are eosinophils phagocytic?
No! they are not phagocytic or mildly phagocytic
Killing mechanism of eosinophil
Binds to and empties its contents onto a parasite, damaging its surface and killing it
Eosinophils contain
Histaminase (degrades histamine)
Leukotrienes
Histaminase
Enzyme the degrades histamine
Symptoms of allergic reactions / inflammatory response
Local vasodilation Increase capillary permeability Leakage of fluid into extravascular space Smooth muscle CONTRACTION --> bronchospasm Itchy watery eyes Uticaria (hives) Increase secretions (mucus); rhinorrhea Stuffy nose Cough Sneezing
Goal of agents to treat upper respiratory tract disorders
Prevent expose to triggers that cause symptoms and to effectively manage the symptoms when they occur
First generation antihistamines
Sedating