Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Question 1

Site of involvement of NEC…

Answer 1

NEC is an acute inflammatory injury of the distal small and often proximal large intestine

Question 2

Universally accepted risk factors for NEC…?

Answer 2

prematurity,

bacterial dysbiosis, and

formula feeding

Question 3

Risk factors for tern NEC ….?

Answer 3

rapid formula feeding,

congenital heart disease

polycythemia,

intrauterine cocaine exposure, and

intestinal anomalies such as gastroschisis

Question 4

TANEC[Transfusion-associated NEC ] ..?

Answer 4

An association with post-transfusion eosinophil spike is noted, as well as higher association with AB blood group.

It is possible that the AB epitopes expressed on enterocytes are overwhelmed by antibodies in the transfused blood (following repeated transfusion exposure) and this could trigger eosinophilia, mucosal injury, and NEC—the disease is typically more severe and has poorer outcomes

Question 5

Genetic polymorphisms have been described in patients at a higher risk for severe NEC such as ..?

Answer 5

genes encoding toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 or interleukin-18 (IL-18) signaling

Question 6

role for inflammatory mediators …?NEC…..?

Answer 6

Plateletactivating factor (PAF), bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), proinflammatory interleukins, and nitric oxide

Question 7

The abdominal radiograph in NEC ….?

Answer 7

bowel wall edema, a fixed-position loop on serial studies, pneumatosis intestinalis (the radiologic hallmark used to confirm the diagnosis), gasless abdomen indicating ascites, portal or hepatic venous air, pneumobilia, or pneumoperitoneum with the appearance of gas under the diaphragm