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Pathology III > Necroscopy preperation - Written document > Flashcards

Necroscopy preperation - Written document Flashcards

1
Q

Organ description

A
  • Shape
  • Size
  • Color
  • Consistency
  • Cut surface
    1. Colour
    2. Structure
    3. Moisture
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2
Q

Organ description extra

A
  1. Liver –> Tearability
  2. Kidney –> Remove capsule, see Cortex and Medulla
  3. Spleen –> Cut surface –> Scrapability of the pulp
  4. Lymhnodes –> Moveability
  5. Luminal organs –> Distenden/Dilated
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3
Q

Which glands?

A
  1. Thyroid
  2. Pancreas
  3. Adrenal
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4
Q

Parenchymal organs

A
  1. Liver
  2. Lungs
  3. Kidney
  4. Brain
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5
Q

Lymphoid organs

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Thymus
  3. Spleen
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6
Q

Mesenchymal tissue

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Fat
  3. Muscle
  4. Baby teeth - Dental pulp
  5. Cartilage
  6. Tendon
  7. Ligament
  8. Connective tissue
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7
Q

General patho check-list
Use this when you see the lesion

A
  • Post mortem changes
  • Circlatory changes - Blood, Oedema
  • Regressive changes - necrosis, fat infiltration
  • Prolifferative changes - Collagen, Fibers
  • Inflamation
  • Tumours
  • Development anormalies
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8
Q

Liquid could be, and from lesion?

A
  • Serous
  • Purulent
  • Sero-mucus
  • Muco-purulent
  • Sero-sanguineus fluid - ‘Like blood’

From Lesion
* Purulent
* Ichorous
* Caseous (dry)
* Tumour necrosis

Exudate, Modified, Transudate?

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9
Q

LUNGS
Patological findings (types)

A

1. Consolidated lung
* Darker
* Firmer
* No crepitation
* Atelactatic
2. Emphysematous lung
* Paler
* More creppitation
3. Congested (CS) lung
* Blood flow on the surface

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10
Q

LUNGS
Tumours found in the lung could be

A

Mesothelioma –> Visceral plaura

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11
Q

LUNGS
Types of pneumonia

A
  1. Bronchopneumonia
  2. Interstitial pneumonia
  3. Metastatic pneumonia
  4. Aspiration pneumonia
  5. Pulmonary oedema
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12
Q

LUNGS
Bronchopneumonia
1. Which lobes
2. Types
3. Appearance
4. Shape, Size, Colour, Consistency

A

BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
1. Cranio-ventral lung lobes
2.
Purulent (pasteurella)
Acute - Hyperaemic
Chronic - Fish meat like
* Cattarhal*
* Fibrinous - Bronchoalveolar junction
3. Mottled appearance?
Darker, lighter area
Multifocal purulent coalescing nodules - PURULENT

  1. Shape, Size = ENLARGED, Colour,
    * Consistency
    Cattarhal = Gland like
    Fibrinous = Liver like + Fibrinous accumulation
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13
Q

LUNG
Interstitial pneumonia

A
  • Dark purple
  • Bacteria from CT
  • Not in airways - Check bronchus
  • Abcess in parenchyma
  • Muscle flacid palpation
  • Rubbery - Enlarged lungs not colapsed - rib imprints

Heavy/Wet lung

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14
Q

LUNGS
Metastatic pneumonia

A
  • Cranio-ventral lunglobes
  • Foci will be everywhere - No parenchyma palpation
  • (Piglet if canibalism - Ear and tail biting)
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15
Q

LUNGS
Pulmonary Edema

A
  • Foam in trachea + Bronchi
  • Difuse congestion + Atelactasia
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16
Q

LUNGS
Aspiration pneumonia - Where do we find it

A

Right middle lobe

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17
Q

LUNG
PIG - PNEUMONIA types
Viral and bacterial

A

Viral (Interstitial)
* PRRSV = Porcine repro and resp syndrome
* PCV-2 = Procine circovirus
* Swine influenza
* Africal swine fever

Bacterial (Bronchopneumonia)
* Mycoplasma
* Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia
* (Pasteurella, Strepto, Bordetella = Atropic Rhinitis)

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18
Q

LUNG
DOG Pneumonia
Types
Viral and bacterial

A

VIRAL
- Distemper
- Adenovirus
- Herpes virus
- Parainfluenza

BACTERIAL
- Pasteurella
- Bordetella Bronchiseptica (infectious laryngo trachealis)
- Klebsiella

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19
Q

LUNG
CATTLE Pneumonia
Types

A

VIRAL
- BHV-1
- Parainfluenza
- BHV-4?
- BAdV

BACTERIAL
- Pasteurella
- Mycoplasma (Croupous Pneumonia)
- Fog fever = ABPEE
- Mycoplasma

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20
Q

LUNG
FELINE Pneumonitis
Types

A
  • Chlamydophila (Bact)
  • Feline Calcivirus (Viral)
  • Toxoplasma Gondii (Protozoa)
  • Lungworm/fluke (Parasites)
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21
Q

LUNG
RABBIT PNEUMONIA
Types

A

NON-INFECTIOUS
- Allergies
- Smoke/aerosols/dust
- Increased NH3

BACTERIAL
- Pasteurella Multocida
- Chlamydia
- Staphylococcus Aureus

VIRAL
- Pleural effusion disease
- Myxoma Virus
- Herpes

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22
Q

Name Circulatory changes

A
  • Haemorrhage
  • Stenosis
  • Infarcts
  • Congestion (Passive/active)
  • Amyloidosis
  • Artereosclerosis
  • Ischemia
  • Torsion
  • Rupture
  • Emboslism
  • Oedema
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23
Q

Name Inflamatory changes

A
  • Cataharral
  • Fibrinous (acute/chronic or Cropous- can peel/Diphteric- cannot peel)
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24
Q

Name Regressive changes

A
  • Atrophy
  • Fat infiltration
  • Fibrosus
  • Necrosis
  • Cloudy swelling/Hydropic Degradation (“Ballooning”)
  • Pigmentation
  • Amyloidosis
  • Mineralization
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25
Q

SPLEEN
Normal description

A

Shape, Size, color, consistency, cutsurface
- Normal shape and size
- Brown red, Blueish brown colour
- Consistency - Flacid
- Capsule - Wrinkled
- Cut surface –> Color, structure, medium moist, medium easy to scrape the pulp.

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26
Q

SPLEEN
Lesion

A

Location
Distribution
Space occupying or liquid

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27
Q

SPLEEN
Lesion
Determine whether the lesion are

A

1. Focal nodular

2. Multifocal
- Hyperplasia, Prolifferative change

3. Diffuse
- Enlargement + Paler colour = Lymphoma

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28
Q

SPLEEN
Tumours of the spleen

A
  • Lymphoma (diffuse)
  • Haemangiosarcoma (multifocal nodules)
  • Granulomas (Tuberculosis)
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29
Q

SPLEEN
Enlarged spleen

A
  1. Congested - Dark red + cutsurface blood running = Hyperaemic spleen
  2. Cutsurface dry + no blood running =
    Hyperplastic spleen
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30
Q

Types of SPLEEN (pathological)

A
  1. Enlarged
    Congested Hyperaemic spleen
    Dry Hyperplastic spleen
  2. Meaty spleen
    Lymphoma
  3. Hemangiosarcoma
  4. Hematoma
  5. Hemangioma
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31
Q

Meaty SPLEEN

A
  • No structure recognized
  • No Hyperaemia - pale red
  • Diffuse enlargement = Spleenomegaly
  • (Lymphoma - Tumour of white pulp - easier to scrape pulp)

See lymphoid follicles

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32
Q

Characteristics HEMANGIOSARCOMA (Spleen)

A
  • Allways nodular
  • Bleeding in spleen
  • Increased scrapability
  • Dark red, focal
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33
Q

LIVER
Pathological findings

A
  1. No gallbladder visuable - region where it was a lesion - Black colour, really thick wall, dry fragmented consistency = Mucokele
  2. Tumours
  3. Nodular hyperplasia
  4. Nutmeg liver
  5. Cystic lesion
  6. Serous hepatitis
  7. Cholangitis
  8. Cirrhosis
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34
Q

What are the tumours of the LIVER

A
  1. EPITELIAL
    Hepatocellulare (Carcinomas)
    Cholangiocellulare (Carcinomas)
  2. MESENCHYMAL

Tumors can get metastatic tumors via Portal vein

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35
Q

LIVER - NODULAR HYPERPLASIA

A
  • **Multifocal nodular **lesion throughout lobes
  • Yellowish discoloration - Steatopathy
    Softer consistency, increased moisture, Slightly enlarged
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36
Q

NUTMEG LIVER

A

= Macrovesicular Fatty infiltration
- Dystrophy

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37
Q

Cystic lesion - LIVER

A
  • With huge cystic (cholangiocellulare carcinoma) caverns –> Filled with clear fluid
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38
Q

Serous Hepatitis - LIVER

A

Granular rough surface

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39
Q

Diseases/Findings of the HEART

A
  1. Rigor mortis
  2. Hgb imbibition
  3. Euthanasia percipitate
  4. ENDOCARDITIS
  5. ENDOCARDIOSIS
  6. Persistent foramen Ovale
  7. Persistent ductus arteriosus
  8. Dilated cardiomyopathy
  9. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  10. Tumours
  11. Myocarditis
  12. Dirofilaria
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40
Q

HEART - Euthanasia percipitate

A

Whiteish pinpoint foci (right side)

Black (from practical?)

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41
Q

HEART
Endocarditis

A
  • Rough + Thickend + Granular, yellowish lumpy –> Thrombosis on valves - Risk of thromboembolism
  • Yellowish lumpy - Bacterial colonies = vegetations
  • Granular - Cant see valvular structure
  1. Ulcerative/Uremic endocarditis - LA + Mineralization (dogs)
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42
Q

HEART
Endocardiosis

A
  • Thrombus on edge of valve
  • Valve short and thickend
    (But smooth and shiny)
  • Chambers can also be dilated
  • Focal nodular or diffuse
  • Very common
  • Myxomatous valvular degeneration
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43
Q

HEART
Fetal cardiac shunt

A
  1. Persistent For.Ovale
  2. Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
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44
Q

HEART
Persistent For. Ovale

A
  • Fetal cardiac shunt
  • Atrial-septal defect
  • Blood enter left atrium from right atrium
  • “Double apex”?
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45
Q

HEART
Persistent Ductus arteriosus

A
  • Fetal cardiac shunt
  • Pulmonary artery – Aorta
  • Jet lesion in intima of pulmonary trunk
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46
Q

HEART
Cardiomyopathy

A
  1. Dilated cardiomyopathy (dog)
  2. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (cat)
    In hypertrophy, the heart weight increase
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47
Q

HEART
Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A
  • **ECCENTRIC HYPERTOOPHY **(volume) - Valvular insufficient septal deffect
  • Increase size of chamber - Dilation
  • Prominent trabecule and valve
  • Simple dilation -** no increase in weight**
  • Apex rounded
  • Pressure - Valvular stenosis, hypertension, pulmonary disease
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48
Q

HEART
HYPERTROPHIC Cardiomyopathy

A
  • CONCENTRIC HYPERTROPHY of left ventricle wall + septum.
  • Thick walls,** small ventricular chamber**
  • Thick pappilllary muscles
    -** Apex normal**
  • Cats
  • Pulmonary edema, Shock kidney
  • Enlarged thyroid - secondary concequense due to hyperthyroidism
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49
Q

HEART
Myocarditis

A
  • Purulent
  • Necrotic
  • Parasitic (toxoplasma)
  • Sarcocystisis
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50
Q

HEART
Dirofilaria

A

Right side of heart
Leads to V.cava syndrome
Pulm.Trunk

51
Q

Tumours of the heart

A
  1. HEMANGIOSARCOMA
    Right Atrium
    Metastasis to lungs
    Focal nodular lesion - CS
  2. RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
    Left Ventricle
  3. Mammary carcinoma
    Metastasise
  4. Aorta body tumour
52
Q

KIDNEY - Inflamations

A
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Interstitial nephritis
  • Pyonephritis
  • Pyelonephritis
53
Q

KIDNEY
Glomerulunepritis

A
  • Inflammation
  • Pale
  • Enlarged
  • Moist with many petechia in the cortex
  • Hog Cholera - Pigs
  • Herpes - dogs
54
Q

KIDNEY
Interstitial Nephritis

A
  • Inflammation
  • Diffuse
  • Mulitifocal greyish-white discolouration in cortex+medulla
  • Non-purulent increase?
  • Lepto - Dog
55
Q

KIDNEY
Pyonephritis

A
  • Inflammation
  • Pus accumulation
  • Greyish-white foci
  • Actinobacillus
  • Erysipelotrix
56
Q

KIDNEY
Pyelonephritis

A
  • Inflammation
  • Renal pelvis + Kidney inflamed
  • Exudate in the renal pelvis
  • Doesnt have to be purulent
57
Q

KIDNEY
Regressive changes

A
  1. Tubulonephrosis
  2. Glomerulunephrosis
  3. Atrophy
  4. Fibrosis
58
Q

KIDNEY
Tubulonephrosis

A
  • Regressive changes
  • Lighter cortex
  • Paler medulla
  • Radial grayish white pattern
59
Q

KIDNEY
Glomerulunephrosis

A
  • Regressive changes
  • Amyloid, Lipid, Sclerosis in the kidney
60
Q

KIDNEY
Atrophy

A
  • Regressive changes
  • Pressure from outside(abcess/cyst/tumour) or
  • Pressure from inside (Hydronephrosis - Dilation of renal pelvis, parenchyma of the kidney is very thin = atrophy/ Pyonephrosis - Pus accumulation in the kidney)
61
Q

KIDNEY
Fibrosis

A
  • Regressive changes
  • Pale small kidney
  • Tearability-Hard
  • Area firmer consistency (Darker area-Pigment)
  • Surface irregular - Irregular shape
62
Q

KIDNEY - Tumours

A
  • Adenoma
  • Carcinoma
  • Fibroma
  • Lymphoma/Lymphosarcoma
63
Q

KIDNEY TUMOUR
Lymphoma

A
  • Multifocal appearance-Sunken areas
  • Enlarged kidney
  • Capsule tearability easy
  • CS –> Structure not recognizable
64
Q

KIDNEY
More diseases

A
  1. Shock Kidney
  2. Infarcts
  3. Adrenal gland adhered to the kidney
65
Q

KIDNEY
Shock Kidney

A
  • Accumulation of blood at the cortico-medullary zone
66
Q

KIDNEY
Infarcts

A
  • Shape = Irregular
  • Color = Brown red with area of sunken pale areas
  • Sunken areas = more firm area of kidney –> Organization + Scar tissue formation –> Fibrosis
  • Triangular in the cortex
  • Chronic-degeneration/inflammation
  • Necrosis
67
Q

KIDNEY
Adhered adrenal gland

A

Adrenal gland can be adherred to the kidney
–> Adrenal gland tumour
* Adenocarcinoma
* Phaechromo-cytoma

68
Q

URINARY SYSTEM
Organs of pathological importance

A
  1. Urethers
  2. Bladder
69
Q

URINARY SYSTEM
Diseases
URETHER

A
  • Pappilloma
  • Thickend obstruction
  • Prostate hyperplasia
70
Q

URINARY SYSTEM
Diseases
Bladder

A
  1. Cystititis
  2. Urolithiasis
71
Q

URINARY SYSTEM
Diseases
Bladder
CYSTITIS

A
  • Haemorrhagic Cystitis (bracken fern - cattle)
  • Thickend muscular wall of bladder
    1. Prostatic hyperplasia
    2. Urethra Stenosis
    3. Urolithiasis
  • Bladder Emphysema
  • Haemorrhages -> Swine fever
72
Q

URINARY SYSTEM
Diseases
Bladder
UROLITHIASIS

A
  1. Uric acid
  2. Struvite
  3. Ca-Oxallate
73
Q

TUMOURS of the URINARY SYSTEM

A
  1. Haemangioma
  2. Fibroma
  3. Lymphoma
  4. Pappilloma
  5. Squamous cell carcinoma
74
Q

GENITALS
TESTIS tumours

A
  1. Leydig cell
    * Well circumscribed
    * Orange –> Tan
    * Multifocal
  2. Sertolli cell
    * Prominent fibrous stroma
  3. Seminoma
    * Bulging-Lumpy
    * Diffuse prolifferation
    *
75
Q

GENITALS
Smaller testis - cause

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Hypoplasia
  3. Cryptochordism
76
Q

GENITALS
Larger TESTIS

A
  1. Hernia
  2. Neoplasia
  3. Inflammation
    * Orchitis
    * Epidydimitis
    * = Brucelliosis, Mycobacterium
  4. Fluid accummulation
77
Q

GENITALS
Larger testis cause
FLUID ACCUMULATION

A
  • In testis
    1. Spermatocele
    2. Granulomas
    3. Pea-sized nodules w/ greyish, white yellow pus - Centre
  • In Tunica vaginalis
    1. Hematocele
    2. Hydrocele
    3. Pyocele
  • In Plexus pampiniformis
    1. Variocele
78
Q

GENITALS
Acessory SEX GLANDS

A
  • Prostate hyperplasia
79
Q

GENITALS - PATHOLOGICAL ORIGINS

A
  1. Testis
  2. Accessory Sexglands
  3. Penis
  4. Overies
  5. Oviduct
  6. Uterus
80
Q

GENITALS
PENIS - TUMOURS

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma
  2. Fibropappilloma
  3. TVT in dogs - Transmissable Veneral Tumour
81
Q

GENITALS
PENIS TUMOUR
- TVT

A
  • Multifocal round nodular lesion
  • Located at the base of the penis
  • Caouliflower like growth
82
Q

GENITALS
Pathological findings OVARIES

A

CYSTS
* In ovary
1. Follicular - anovulatory (Atretic, Leuteinized) or post ovulatory(CL)

* Around ovaries
1. Functional problem

83
Q

GENITALS
Pathological findings of the OVIDUCT

A
  1. Salphingitis
  2. Hydrosalphinx
  3. Pyosalphinx
84
Q

GENITALS
Pathological findings of the UTERUS

A

METRITIS
* Distended
* Flacid thickend friable wall

PYOMETRA
* Post partum
* Hydrometra
* Mucometra
* Ampullar dilation (partial segmental dilation)

ATROPHY
HYPERPLASIA
ENDOMETRITIS

85
Q

Pathological findings in the STOMACH

A
  1. Dilation
  2. Erosions
  3. Ulcers
  4. Necrosis
  5. Gastrophagia (Gastric haemorrhage) = Porcelain Pig
  6. Gastritis
  7. Tumours
86
Q

STOMACH - Dilations

A
  • Primary og secondary(foreign bodies/reflux)
  • Chronic - Hypertrophied
87
Q

STOMACH - Erosions and Ulcers

A
  • Ulcers more severe
  • On mucous membranes
  • Causative agent ulcers (Helicobacter pylori, circulatory, rough fodder)
88
Q

STOMACH - Necrosis

A
  • Fusobacterium
  • Gastric juice
  • Circulatory disturbances
89
Q

STOMACH - GASTRITIS
Cause

A
  • Ailmentary
  • Chemicals
  • Infectious (Su erysipelas)
  • Uraemia
90
Q

STOMACH - GASTRITIS
Types of gastritis

A
  • Cattarhal
  • Acute = Red, Thick mucous
  • Chronic = Folds not smooth
  • Pseudomembranous
  • Croupous fibrinous
  • Diphteroud - Deep
  • Purulent
  • Emphysematous
  • Malignent edema –> Bradzot -> Frozen fodder -> Cl.Septicum
  • Clostridia
  • Swine fever
  • Granuloma
  • Haemmorhagic
  • Blood + Infiltrated lymphnodes
  • (Scirrhotic gastritis = Chronic eosinophillic gastritis)
91
Q

Tumours of the STOMACH

A

Lymphoma

92
Q

INTESTINES - Pathological findings (diseases)

A
  • Mesothelioma
  • Tuberculosis
  • Paratuberculosis
  • Fungal enterocolitis
  • Bacterial enteritis
  • Tyzzers disease
  • Nectotic typhitis
  • Viral enteritis
  • Haemorrhagic enteritis
  • Necrotic enteritis
  • Colitis
  • Prolifferative enteropathy
  • Tumours
  • Dysentery
  • FIP
  • TGE(corona) - Pigs
  • Rotavirus enteritis = Fluid filled guts
  • Edema in mesentery = edema disease of Su (e.coli)
  • Clostridial enterotoxemias = Haemorrhagic - necrotic enteritis
  • Pulpy kidney disease
93
Q

INTESTINES
Mesothelioma

A
  • Tumours
    ** Greyish-white firm nodules along mesenterial surface of the small intestines**
  • Same lesion in the thorax - coalescing
  • Tumours found on the serous membranes - Peritoneum, Pleura(Visceral+Parietal), Serosa-organs
  • Lymphnodes - Large intestines enlarged along the mesentery+occlude the passage from SI –> Thickend muscular layer –> Compensatory hypertrophy due to straining (tenesmus)
94
Q

INTESTINES
Tuberculosis and Paratuberculosis

A
  • TUBERCULOSIS - Ulcers + Tuberculotic granulation tissue
  • PARATUBERCULOSIS - Gyri-like(ileum) intestines = Cattle
95
Q

INTESTINES
Fungal enterocolitis

A
  • Granulomatous - Ulcerative inflammation
  • With dipthteric crusts
96
Q

PARATYPHUS - INTESTINES

A
  • Rabbit Enteritis
  • Paratyphus = SPLENOMEGALY + ENTERITIS + NECROTIC FOCI
97
Q

INTESTINES - CAUSATIVE AGENTS for BACTERIAL ENTERITIS

A

CAUSATIVE AGENTS for BACTERIAL ENTERITIS
* DIRECT invation
1. E.Coli
2. Corynebacterium
3. Tyzzers disease (Cl. Pilliforme) –> Necrotic typhitis + hepatitis

  • TOXINS –> Clostridia, E.colli = ENTEROTOXAEMIA
    1. Content liquid
    2. Yellow = E.coli –> Distended fluid filled
  • Pasteurella
  • Klebsiella
  • Staphylococcus
98
Q

INTESTINES - Viral enteritis

A
  • REO
  • ADENO
  • ROTA
  • PARVO
  • CORONA
99
Q

INTESTINES
Types of ENTERITIS

A
  • Haemorrhagic
    1. Parvovirus
    2. Clostridium
    3. Infiltration of lymphnodes
    4. Rabbits - Klebsiellosis
  • Croupous
    1. Yellowish fibrin layer (Salmonellosis)
  • Cattarhal
    1. Hyperaemia (in acute, not in chronic)
    2. Thick mucous
    3. Petetchia
    4. Swollen payers patches
  • Necrotic
    1. Secondary to inflammation
100
Q

INTESTINES
Prolifferative enteropathy

A
  • Prolifferative = Lawsonia IC, PPE
  • Enteropathy = Paratuberculosis
101
Q

INTESTINES
Tumours

A

ADENOCARCINOMA

102
Q

Check list should involve which pathological changes?

A
  1. Circulatory disturbances
  2. Inflammation
  3. Regressive changes
  4. Tumours
  5. Developmental anomalies
103
Q

Check list
Circulatory disturbances

A
  1. Ishaemia
  2. Hyperemia
  3. Haemostasis, Shock
  4. Haemorrhage
  5. Thrombosis, Embolism
104
Q

Check list
Inflammation

A
  1. Serous
  2. Cattarhal
  3. Purulent
  4. Fibrinous
  5. Ichorous
  6. Haemorrhagic
105
Q

Check list
Regressive changes

A

= any lesion - not inflamation or neoplasia
1. Necrosis
2. Atrophy
3. Degeneration
4. Amyloidosis, Hyalinosis etc
5. Lipofuschin, ceroid
6. Fatty infiltration

106
Q

Check list
From a distance

A
  • Generalised or localised (in area of a tissue)
    GENERALISED
  • Location (specific area, cranial/rostral/caudal/dorsal/ventral/lateral/medial)
  • Distribution (Difuse, focal/multifocal, segmental)
  • Size of extent (amount of lesions pressent)
  • Paired organs - Unilateral or Bilateral
107
Q

Check list
Close up

A
  • Diffuse (eg. difuse oedema of interlobular space)
  • Focal/Multifocal (Single lesion or randomly distributed)
  • Segmented
  1. Shape
  2. Demarcation (Well = Nodular, or coalesing)
  3. Contour (Raised or depressed)
  4. Colour
  5. Texture (soft, rubbery, firm)
  6. Consistency (Gritty, caseous, fluid)
  7. Strength - CUT SURFACE (Friable, tough)
  8. Duration (Acute=hyperaemic, Chronic=fibrinous adhesions)
108
Q

DESCRIBING A LESION
Content

A
  1. Location
  2. Distribution
  3. Size/Extent
  4. Shape, demarcation + contour
  5. Colour
  6. Texture/consistency
  7. (Abcess)
  8. Duration (acute/chronic)
  9. Morphological diagnosis
109
Q

Describing a lesion
LOCATION

A
  • Which organ?
  • Which lobe? (Peripheral, central, marginal)
  • Along mesentery?
  • Parietal(chest wall), Visceral plaura(covers lung, bronchi, bloodvessels, nerves)?
110
Q

Describing a lesion
DISTRIBUTION

A
  • Diffuse = Generalised, lobar, regional (spleen enlargement, Atelactasia)
  • Focal = localised
  • Multifocal
  • Segmental = Luminal organs, certain part of the tract
  • Coaselcing, patchy, mottled, dappled

Focal and multifocal = Nodular lesions

111
Q

Which processes causes multifocal lesions

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Necrosis
  3. Neoplasia
  4. Haemorrhage
  5. Mineralization
112
Q

Describing a lesion
SIZE/EXTENT

A
  • Size = 1-3cm dm, few cm, miliary, peasized, pinpoint
  • Extent = Take up much of the organ (descibe the amount of lesion pressent)
113
Q

Describe the lesion
SHAPE

A

SHAPE
* Triangular
* Diamond
* Round, ovoid
* Nodular

114
Q

Describe the lesion
DEMARCATION

A
  • Nodular = Well demarcated (Tumour, cyst, other tissue)
  • Poorly demarcated = Coalescing (unite to form/mass/whole)
115
Q

Describe the lesion
CONTOUR

A
  • Raised = Bulging nodular etc, pedunculated, pappillated (Addition tissue, cells, fluid, gas)
  • Depressed = Fibrosis, atrophied, necrosis,
116
Q

Describing the lesion
COLOUR

A
  1. Greyish-white (Necrosis, Fibrosis, Mineral deposit)
  2. Red (Haemorrhage, Congestion)
  3. Yellow (Inflammation, Billirubin, Lipid, Fibrin)
  4. Green (Bile, Necrosis, Haemosiderin=Brown, iron containing pigment)
  5. Black (Melanin, Blood, Necrosis)

Instead of whiteish=whiteish yellow. Add adjectives- Motteled, Marbled

117
Q

Describing the lesion
TEXTURE, CONSISTENCY, STRENGTH

A

TEXTURE/CONSISTENCY
* Soft
* Rubbery (Gland-like, Liver-like)
* Firm
* Hard
* Turgid = Firmness due to internal fluid pressure
* Gritty = Mineralization (hard due to calcification)
* Caseous = Dry+crumbly (like cottage cheese)
* Fluids = Watery, Viscous, Gelatinous, Creamy, Clotted

STRENGTH (CS)
* Friable = necrosis
* Tough = Fibrinous scar tissue

118
Q

Describing the lesion
TEXTURE, CONSISTENCY, STRENGTH
ABCESS

A
  • Encapsulated
  • Layers
  • Circumscribed - CS
  • Loss of strength + friability = Necrosis
119
Q

Describing the lesion
DURATION

A
  • Acute = Hyperaemic
  • Chronic = Fibrinous adhesions etc
120
Q

What would you call a nodule with depressed centre?

A

CARCINOMA

121
Q

Describing a lesion
MORPHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
Contain

A
  1. Severity = Mild, Moderate, Severe (signifficance of the lesion)
  2. Duration = Per acute(min,hours), Acute(<4-6days), Subacute, Chronic(>2weeks)
  3. Distribution
  4. Pathologic process = Causing the lesion
  5. Organ/Tissue
122
Q

Describing a lesion
MORPHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS

Causing the lesion

A
  • Inflamation = Exudate type
    1. Fibrinous = Coagulation of fibrin
    2. Suppurative = Pus
    3. Granulomatous = Granuloma formation
    4. Interstitial = Affects stroma of organ
  • Necrosis
  • Oedema
  • Haemorrhages
  • Atrophy
  • Neoplasia
  • Fibrosis
123
Q

Give an example of what can cause/signify a interstitial lung injury

A

A lung with a “LIVER-LIKE” consistency
Firmer texture

Pathology III (2 decks)

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