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ENT > Neck Disorders > Flashcards

Neck Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Which nerves are connected with the taste buds?

A

CN VII

CN XI

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2
Q

Factors Leading to Flavor

A 
Smell
Taste
Irritation
Texture
Temperature
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3
Q

Hypogeusia

A

Diminished taste to 1 or more tastants

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4
Q

Ageusia

A

Absent taste function

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5
Q

Dysgeusia

A

Persistent sweet, sour, salty, bitter or metallic taste

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6
Q

Allegeusia

A

Unpleasant taste of food or drink that is usually pleasant

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7
Q

Phantogeusia

A

Unpleasant taste produced indigenously due to gustatory hallucination

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8
Q

Etiology of Taste Disorders

A 
Aging
Infections
Gastric reflux
Drugs
Xerostomia
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9
Q

Reasons for Xerostomia

A 
Diseases
Radiation
Infections
Drugs- TCA's
Toxins
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10
Q

Treatment of Dysgeusia

A

Treat underlying problem when possible

Clonazepam (Klonopin)

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11
Q

Treatment for Burning Mouth

A

TCA’s

Clonazepam

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12
Q

Reasons for Halitosis

A 
Good oral hygiene
Dentures
Mouth breather
Snores
Excess nasal discharge
Excess nasal obstruction
DM
Immunosuppresed
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13
Q

Define Halitophobics

A

People who are afraid they have bad breath but don’t actually have bad breath

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14
Q

PE for Halitosis

A

Smell patients breath through mouth
Smell patients breath through nose
Scrape tongue and smell the scrapings

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15
Q

Etiology of Halitosis in the Oral Cavity

A

Breakdown of amino acids producing sulfur
Poor dental hygiene
Accumulation & putrefaction of postnasal drip
Dental Abscess
Gingivitis
Unclean Dentures

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16
Q

Etiology of Halitosis in the Nasal Passages

A

Nasal infection
Polyps
FB in children

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17
Q

Etiology of Halitosis in the Tonsils

A

Tonsilloliths

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18
Q

Treatment of Halitosis in the Oral Cavity

A 
Proper dental care/hygiene
Cleaning of posterior tongue
Rinsing/deep gargling with mouthwash
Brief gum chewing
Sufficient water intake
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19
Q

Stomatitis- Oral Infections

A 
Candida
HSV
VAV
HIV
Recurrent apthous stomatitis (RAS)
RULE OUT CA
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20
Q

Treatment for Aphthous Ulcers

A

Symptomatic Relief
Chemical cautery
Intralesional or oral cortison

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21
Q

Symptomatic Relief for Aphthous Ulcers

A

Triamcinolone acetonide
Oragel
Anbesol

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22
Q

Stomatitis due to Varicella-zoster Virus

A

Grouped vesicles unilaterally on the hard palate

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23
Q

Stomatitis due to HIV

A

Painful mucocutaneous ulceration one of the most distinctive manifestation of primary HIV-1

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24
Q

Complications of Xerostomia

A 
Severe dental caries
Gum disease
Halitosis
Salivary gland calculi
Dysphagia
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25
Q

Etiology of Xerostomia

A

Autoimmune
Radiation treatment
Medication SE

26
Q

Treatment of Xerostomia

A

Artificial saliva

27
Q

Odynophagia Differential Diagnosis

A

Severe stomatitis
Candida involving the esophagus
GERD
Stomatitis in immunosuppressed patients

28
Q

Treatment of Odynophagia

A

Treat the underlying cause

29
Q

Indirect Laryngoscopy Indications

A 
Hoarseness >2 weeks
Odynophagia
Voice change
Dysphagia
Hemoptysis
FB sensation
30
Q

Contraindications for Indirect Laryngoscopy

A

Uncooperative patient
Patient with strong gag reflex
Compromised airway

31
Q

Supplies Needed for Indirect Laryngoscopy

A

Light source
Warmed mirror
Gauze
Topical anesthetic

32
Q

Keys in History in Hoarseness

A 
Duration & onset
Triggers
Better/worse
H&N symptoms
Hx of neck surgery
Hx of smoking or alcohol abuse
Hx of reflex
Hx of trauma or ET intubation
Occupation
Hobbies
Habits impacting voice
33
Q

Etiologies of Hoarseness

A 
Acute laryngitis
Chronic laryngitis
Benign vocal fold lesions
Malignancy involving the larynx
Neurologic dysfunction
Functional issues
Systemic conditions
34
Q

Treatment for Hoarseness due to Acute Laryngitis

A

Self-limited
Secondary to URI
Voice rest
Fluids

35
Q

Treatment for Hoarseness due to Chronic Laryngitis

A 
Chronic irritants
Toxins
GERD
 Chronic sinusitis
Postnasal drip
Chronic alcohol use
Chronic vocal strain
Tobacco smoke
Treat underlying etiology
36
Q

Types of Benign Vocal Cord Lesions

A

Polyps

Nodules

37
Q

Polyps

A

Chronic vocal cord irritation

Etiologies: smoking, reflux, muscle tension dysphonia

38
Q

Nodules

A

Bilateral, symmetric
Singers/screamers nodes
More common in women & children

39
Q

Laryngeal CA

A

Primarily SCC
Risk Factors: smoking/alcohol abuse
Metastasizes to regional lymph nodes

40
Q

3 Phases of Swallowing

A

Oral preparatory
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

41
Q

Disorders of Oral Preparatory Phase

A

Inadequate mastication
Xerostomia
Neurologic disorders
Disruption of oropharyngeal mucosa

42
Q

Disorders of the Pharyngeal Phase

A

Neuromuscular discordination
Obstructions within oropharynx
Poor compliance of upper esophageal sphincter

43
Q

Key History to Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

A

Symptoms occur immediately after swallowing
Hx of neurologic symptoms
Dry mouth & eyes

44
Q

Complaints with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

A 
Coughing
Choking
Drooling
Odynophagia
Changes in speech
Weight loss
Aspiration
45
Q

Diagnostic Tests of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

A 
Barium Studies (piece of bread)
Fiberoptic endosopic evaluation
Nasopharyngeal laryngoscopy
Manometry
46
Q

Differential of Acute Pharyngitis in Adults

A

Viruses (HSV, EBV, HIV, Diptheria)

10%- Group A strep

47
Q

Acute Pharyngitis Management

A 
Throat, nasopharyngeal specimens
Rapid strep culture
Monospot
Influenza
Hx of HIV risk factors
48
Q

Group A Strep Acute Pharyngitis Treatment

A

Penicillin/Amoxacillin
Cephalosporin
Macrolide

49
Q

Symptomatic Treatment

A 
Analgesics (acetaminophen, NSAIDS, aspirin)
Topical analgesics (lozenges, sprays, fluids)
50
Q

What is Tonsillopharyngitis caused by?

A

Group A strep

51
Q

Presentation of Tonsillopharyngitis

A

Severe sore throat
Difficulty swallowing
Fever

52
Q

Signs of Tonsillopharyngitis

A

Enlarged, erythematous tonsils with exudate

Lymphadenopathy

53
Q

Treatment goals in Group A Strep Tonsillopharyngitis

A

Reduce duration & severity of symptoms
Reduce nonsuppurative complications
Reduce transmission to close contacts

54
Q

What is a Peritonsillar Abscess?

A

Complication of tonsillitis

55
Q

Presentation of Peritonsillar Abscess

A 
Sore throat
Odynophagia
Fever
Trismus
Develop dysphagia, drooling, & voice changes
Ipsilateral ear pain
56
Q

Differential Diagnosis of Peritonsillar Abscess

A

Unilateral tonsillitis
Peritonsilar cellulitis
Mono
Neoplasm

57
Q

Treatment of Peritonsillar Abscess

A

I&D then antibiotics

Sometimes tonsillectomy

58
Q

Diptheria

A

Corynbacterium diphtheriae

Spread by respiratory droplets or cutaneously

59
Q

Characteristic Sign of Diptheria

A

Grayish/white exudate

Pseudomembrane

60
Q

Diagnostic Test for Diphtheria

A

Culture

Test for toxin

61
Q

Treatment for Diphtheria

A

Erythromycin
PCN
Antitoxin
Treat contacts

ENT (10 decks)

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