Neck and Face Flashcards
What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?
- anterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid
- inferior border of the mandible
- midline of the neck
What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?
- Anterior border of the trapezius
- Superior surface of the middle third of the clavicle
- Posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
What do the posterior and anterior triangles mainly contain?
anterior - muscles
posterior - vessels and nerves
What are the key muscles of the anterior triangle?
- Platysma
- Mylohyoid
- Anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric
- Strap (infrahyoid) muscles – omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
What innervates the platysma?
facial nerve
What innervates the mylohyoid?
Mandibular div. of trigeminal nerve
What innervates the anterior belly of the digastric?
Mandibular div. of trigeminal nerve
What innervates the posterior belly of the digastric?
Facial nerve
What innervates omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid?
Ansa cervicalis supply
What innervates the thyrohyoid?
C1 fibres via the hypoglossal nerve
What are the key vessels and nerves running through the neck?
- External and internal jugular veins
- Subclavian artery (posterior to scalenus anterior)
- Subclavian vein (anterior to scalenus anterior)
- Phrenic nerve (anterior surface of scalenus anterior)
- Spinal accessory nerve
- Trunks of brachial plexus (emerge posterior to scalenus anterior)
Which spinal nerves contribute to the superior, medial and inferior trunks of the brachial plexus?
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
Which spinal nerves contribute to the phrenic nerve?
C3, C4 and C5
Which muscle protects the carotid sheath when the head is turned?
Sternocleidomastoid
How many pairs of arteries and veins supply the thyroid gland?
Where do they originate and drain?
2 arteries (superior and inferior) and 3 veins (superior, middle, inferior)
Arteries originate from external carotid and thyrocervical trunk. Veins drain into the internal jugular (superior and middle) and the brachiocephalic trunk (inferior)
What are the clinical applications of the carotid pulse?
check pulse to head
What are the main sites for central venous lines?
Internal jugular, subclavian vein and femoral vein
What are the uses of central venous lines?
Assess heart function, large infusions of fluids, inability to get peripheral access and dialysis
What are the complications in insertions of central venous lines?
Arrhythmias, arterial puncture, Haemothorax, pneumothorax, chylothorax, thrombosis and embolism
What sort of information about the health of a patient can be obtained by palpation of the lymph nodes?
Assess infection in a specific area of the body
Where does the accessory nerve exit, what does it innervate and how would you test function?
Foramen magnum, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius, head rotation and shoulder shrug
How is a central venous line inserted?
Insert the needle at a 45-degree angle between the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscles aimed towards the ipsilateral nipple.
What are the functions of the neck?
Structural – support and move head (inside prevertebral fascia)
Visceral functions (inside or associated with pretracheal fascia)
Conduit for blood vessels & nerves (inside or associated with carotid sheaths)
What are the 4 major compartments of the neck?
A collection of muscles, which help to hold the head upright and allow it to move.
There is a visceral component (contains thyroid and parathyroid glands, trachea and oesophagus) surrounded by the pretracheal fascia.
There are two vascular compartments (contains internal jugular vein, carotid artery and vagus nerve).
