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Anatomy - Head, neck and spine > Neck and Face > Flashcards

Neck and Face Flashcards

1
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • anterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid
  • inferior border of the mandible
  • midline of the neck
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2
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • Anterior border of the trapezius
  • Superior surface of the middle third of the clavicle
  • Posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
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3
Q

What do the posterior and anterior triangles mainly contain?

A

anterior - muscles

posterior - vessels and nerves

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4
Q

What are the key muscles of the anterior triangle?

A
  • Platysma
  • Mylohyoid
  • Anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric
  • Strap (infrahyoid) muscles – omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
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5
Q

What innervates the platysma?

A

facial nerve

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6
Q

What innervates the mylohyoid?

A

Mandibular div. of trigeminal nerve

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7
Q

What innervates the anterior belly of the digastric?

A

Mandibular div. of trigeminal nerve

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8
Q

What innervates the posterior belly of the digastric?

A

Facial nerve

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9
Q

What innervates omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid?

A

Ansa cervicalis supply

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10
Q

What innervates the thyrohyoid?

A

C1 fibres via the hypoglossal nerve

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11
Q

What are the key vessels and nerves running through the neck?

A
  • External and internal jugular veins
  • Subclavian artery (posterior to scalenus anterior)
  • Subclavian vein (anterior to scalenus anterior)
  • Phrenic nerve (anterior surface of scalenus anterior)
  • Spinal accessory nerve
  • Trunks of brachial plexus (emerge posterior to scalenus anterior)
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12
Q

Which spinal nerves contribute to the superior, medial and inferior trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

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13
Q

Which spinal nerves contribute to the phrenic nerve?

A

C3, C4 and C5

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14
Q

Which muscle protects the carotid sheath when the head is turned?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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15
Q

How many pairs of arteries and veins supply the thyroid gland?
Where do they originate and drain?

A

2 arteries (superior and inferior) and 3 veins (superior, middle, inferior)

Arteries originate from external carotid and thyrocervical trunk. Veins drain into the internal jugular (superior and middle) and the brachiocephalic trunk (inferior)

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16
Q

What are the clinical applications of the carotid pulse?

A

check pulse to head

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17
Q

What are the main sites for central venous lines?

A

Internal jugular, subclavian vein and femoral vein

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18
Q

What are the uses of central venous lines?

A

Assess heart function, large infusions of fluids, inability to get peripheral access and dialysis

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19
Q

What are the complications in insertions of central venous lines?

A

Arrhythmias, arterial puncture, Haemothorax, pneumothorax, chylothorax, thrombosis and embolism

20
Q

What sort of information about the health of a patient can be obtained by palpation of the lymph nodes?

A

Assess infection in a specific area of the body

21
Q

Where does the accessory nerve exit, what does it innervate and how would you test function?

A

Foramen magnum, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius, head rotation and shoulder shrug

22
Q

How is a central venous line inserted?

A

Insert the needle at a 45-degree angle between the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscles aimed towards the ipsilateral nipple.

23
Q

What are the functions of the neck?

A

Structural – support and move head (inside prevertebral fascia)

Visceral functions (inside or associated with pretracheal fascia)

Conduit for blood vessels & nerves (inside or associated with carotid sheaths)

24
Q

What are the 4 major compartments of the neck?

A

A collection of muscles, which help to hold the head upright and allow it to move.

There is a visceral component (contains thyroid and parathyroid glands, trachea and oesophagus) surrounded by the pretracheal fascia.

There are two vascular compartments (contains internal jugular vein, carotid artery and vagus nerve).

25
Q

What is a hyoid bone?

A

A free-moving bone in the neck. There are muscles attached to the hyoid bone (strap muscles).

26
Q

What are the roles of strap muscles?

A

Concerned with elevation, depression of the larynx during swallowing and opening of the mandible.

27
Q

How do the different cervical vertebrae relate to the neck?

A

C1: open mouth
C2: superior cervical ganglion
C3: body of hyoid
C4: upper border of thyroid cartilage, bifurcation of common carotid artery
C6: cricoid cartilage, middle cervical ganglion
C7: inferior cervical ganglion

28
Q

What does the SCM do?

A

Turns the head to look over the shoulder in the opposite direction

29
Q

What divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles?

A

SCM

30
Q

What is the trapezius?

A

A large triangular muscle which forms the neck and allows shoulder elevation

31
Q

What innervates the SCM and trapezius?

A

accessory nerve

32
Q

Describe the platysma and what it attaches to and its innervation

A

Big sheet muscle slung underneath the chin to the clavicles

Supplied by the cervical branch of the facial nerve

33
Q

Where does the external jugular run down? What is its importance?

A
  • Runs down over the SCM
  • You can see it standing out when someone holds their breath/is angry
  • It is the main drainage vessel of the face
  • It can indicate functioning of the right side of the heart
34
Q

Where can the subclavian pulse be felt?

A

behind the clavicle

35
Q

Where is the anatomical location of the subclavian artery and vein and the phrenic nerve?

A
  • Subclavian artery is posterior to the scalenus anterior, but the subclavian vein is anterior to it
  • The phrenic nerve lies on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior
36
Q

Where does the brachial plexus emerge?

A

posterior to the scalenus anteriors

37
Q

How many scalene muscles are there?

A

3 - anterior, posterior, medial (in neck)

38
Q

Describe the location and pathway of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Winds around the aortic arch and subclavian artery

39
Q

Do vocal cords have lymphatic drainage?
Are lymph nodes palpable in health people?
How should they be palpated?

A

NO
NO

To palpate lymph nodes, you use your hands standing behind the patient.

40
Q

What are the lymph nodes in the neck and face?

A

submental, submandibular, superior deep cervical, inferior deep cervical, pre tracheal, pre laryngeal and para tracheal, mastoid, occipital, parotid

41
Q

What are the muscles attaching to the hyoid bone?

A
  • Diagastric
  • Omohyoid – hyoid to the scapula
  • Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
  • Hyoglossal muscle
  • Stylohyoid muscle
  • Geniohyoid muscle
  • Mylohyoid muscle
  • Sternohyoid muscle
  • Sternothyroid muscle
  • Thyrohyoid muscle
42
Q

How are muscles divided according to the hyoid bone?

A

Suprahyoid, infrahyoid (strap)

43
Q

What are deep to the strap muscles?

A

thyroid, parathyroid, larynx and trachea

44
Q

List the infrahyoid muscles and where they go to and come from

A

Sternohyoid - sternum/sternoclavicular to hyoid

Sternothyroid - manubrium of sternum to hyoid

Thyrohyoid - thyroid cartilage of larynx to hyoid

Omohyoid - scapula to hyoid

45
Q

List the suprahyoid muscles and where they go to and come from

A

digastric - anterior from the digastric fossa of the mandible and posterior from the mastoid process of the temporal bone. Bellies connected by an intermediate tendon, which attaches to the hyoid bone

stylohyoid - styloid process of temporal bone to hyoid

geniohyoid - inferior mental spine of mandible to hyoid

mylohyoid - mylohyoid line of mandible to hyoid

46
Q

How is the pathway of the accessory nerve in the neck determined?

A

1/3 of the way down of the SCM to the end of the second third of the trapazius

Anatomy - Head, neck and spine (6 decks)

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