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Anatomy - Head, neck and spine > Brain and Cranium > Flashcards

Brain and Cranium Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the skull?

A

22 excluding ossicles of ear - cranium (neurocranium and viscerocranium) and mandible

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the cranium?

A

cranium - base (brain sits here) and vault (where the brain is)

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3
Q

What are the bones making the cranium?

A

frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid

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4
Q

What are the facial bones?

A

2 maxilla, 2 zygoma, 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal, vomer, 2 inferior conchae, 2 palatine and mandible

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5
Q

What are the three sutures?

A

sagittal, coronal and lambdoid

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6
Q

What do babies skulls have and when do they close?

A

Babies have fontanelles - anterior and posterior

anterior - closes within 18-24 months

posterior - closes within 2-3 months

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7
Q

What are the three cranial fossae?

A

anterior, posterior and middle

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8
Q

What is the ventral surface of the brain?

A

the bottom that sits in the base

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9
Q

What is the first cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

olfactory - smell (olfactory epithelium via olfactory bulb)

SENSORY

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10
Q

What is the second cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

optic - vision (retina)

SENSORY

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11
Q

What is the third cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

oculomotor
MOTOR - superior inferior and medial rectus, inferior oblique and levator palpebrae muscles to move eyeball

PARASYMPATHETIC - pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscles via ciliary ganglion to constrict pupil

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12
Q

What is the fourth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

trochlear
superior oblique muscle to move eyeball
MOTOR

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13
Q

What is the fifth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

trigeminal
SENSORY - face, scalp, cornea, nasal and oral cavities, cranial dura (sensation)

MOTOR - muscle of chewing and tensor tympani muscle to open and close mouth and tense the tympanic membrane

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14
Q

What is the sixth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

abducens

MOTOR - lateral rectus muscle to move eyeball

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15
Q

What is the seventh cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

facial

SENSORY - anterior two thirds of tongue for taste

MOTOR - muscles of face and stapedius muscle for facial movement and tension on middle ear bones

PNS - salivary and lacrimal glands for salivation and lacrimation

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16
Q

What is the second eighth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

vestibulochochlear

SENSORY - vestibular apparatus and chochlea (vestibular sensation and hearing)

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17
Q

What is the ninth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

glossopharyngeal

SENSORY - pharynx, posterior third of tongue, esutachian tube, middle ear and carotid body and sinus for sensation, taste and baro, chemoreception

MOTOR - stylopharyngeus muscle for swallowing
PNS - parotid gland for salivation

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18
Q

What is the tenth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

vagus
SENSORY - pharynx,larynx, oesophagus, external ear, aortic bodies and arch for sensation and chemo, baroreception and visceral sensation

MOTOR - soft palate, pharynx, larynx and upper oesophagus for swallowing, speech

PNS - thoracic and abdominal viscera

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19
Q

What is the eleventh cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

accessory

MOTOR - sternocleiodomastoid and trapezius (movement of head and shoulder)

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20
Q

What is the twelfth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

hypoglossal

MOTOR -intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles (tongue movement)

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21
Q

From which hole does the olfactory nerve emerge?

A

cribriform plate

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22
Q

From which hole does the optic nerve emerge?

A

optic canal

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23
Q

From which hole does the oculomotor nerve and sub opthalmic vein emerge?

A

superior orbital fissure

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24
Q

From which hole does the trochlear nerve emerge?

A

superior orbital fissure

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25
Q

From which hole does the trigeminal (first branch) nerve emerge?

A

first branch - opthalmic

superior orbital fissure

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26
Q

From which hole does the abducens nerve emerge?

A

superior orbital fissure

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27
Q

From which hole does the 2nd branch of the trigeminal nerve emerge?

A

maxilla - foramen rotundum

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28
Q

From which hole does the 3rd branch of the trigeminal nerve emerge?

A

madibular - foramen ovale

29
Q

From which hole does the middle meningeal artery and vein emerge?

A

foramen spinosum

30
Q

From which hole does the internal carotid artery emerge?

A

carotid canal

31
Q

From which hole does the facial nerve emerge?

A

internal acoustic meatus

32
Q

From which hole does the vestibulocochlear nerve emerge?

A

internal acoustic meatus

33
Q

From which hole does the labyrinthine artery emerge?

A

internal acoustic meatus

34
Q

From which hole does the glossopharyngeal emerge?

A

jugular foramen

35
Q

From which hole does the vagus nerve emerge?

A

jugular foramen

36
Q

From which hole does the accessory nerve emerge?

A

jugular foramen

37
Q

From which hole does the internal jugular vein emerge?

A

jugular foramen

38
Q

From which hole does the hypoglossal nerve emerge?

A

hypoglossal canal

39
Q

From which hole does the medulla emerge?

A

foramen magnum

40
Q

From which hole do the vertebral arteries emerge?

A

foramen magnum

41
Q

From which hole does the spinal roots of the accessory nerve emerge?

A

foramen magnum

42
Q

cribriform?

A

olfactory

43
Q

optic canal?

A

optic nerve and opthalmic artery

44
Q

superior orbital fissure?

A 
oculomotor
trochlear
1st trigeminal
abducens
sup opthalmic vein
45
Q

foramen rotundum?

A

2nd trigeminal

46
Q

foramen ovale?

A

3rd trigeminal

47
Q

foramen spinosum

A

middle meningeal artery and vein

48
Q

carotid canal?

A

internal carotid artery

49
Q

internal acoustic meatus?

A

facial, vestibulocochlear, labyrinthine artery

50
Q

jugular foramen?

A

glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, internal jugular vein

51
Q

hypoglossal canal?

A

hypoglossal

52
Q

foramen magnum?

A

vertebral arteries, medulla and spinal roots of accessory nerve

53
Q

what are the two layers of the dura?

A

periosteal

meningeal

54
Q

What are the areas where the two layers of dura separate and what is found here?

A

sinuses

blood

55
Q

What happens to the dura at the foramen magnum?

A

As the dura emerges from foramen magnum, inner layer continues down vertebal column but the other layer doesn’t (periosteal lost)

56
Q

What is the fold caused by the dura between the cerebellum and occiptal lobe called?

A

tentorium cerebelli

57
Q

Where is the falx cerebri?

A

Down the longitudinal fissure

58
Q

What is subfalcine herniation and what is its significance?

A

frontal lobe pushed under the falx cerebri

NOT CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT

59
Q

What is uncal herniation?

A

innermost part of temporal lobe moves towards the tentorium putting pressure on brainstem
AFFECTS MIDBRAIN - UNCONSCIOUSNESS

60
Q

What is tonsillar herniation?

A

cerebellar tonsils moves downwards through foramen magnum

AFFECTS MEDULLA - CARDIORESPIRATORY FAILURE

61
Q

What is the importance of emissary veins?

A

Connect external environment to inside of the brain through lacerations as they are in the skull - meningitis for example

62
Q

What is the pterion?

A

Region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones join together - weakest spot and middle meningeal artery runs below it so a blow to the head can cause an extradural haematoma

63
Q

Layers of the scalp

A

S – Skin

C – Connective Tissue

A – Aponeurosis

L – Loose Areolar Tissue

P - Periosteum

64
Q

Venous drainage in the brain

A
  • Following gas exchange, the capillaries join to become venules like in any other tissue
  • The cerebral veins however do not go straight to the internal jugular vein. They first drain into the dural venous sinuses
  • Dural venous sinuses are endothelial lined spaces between the outer periosteal and inner meningeal layers of dura mater
  • Blood in the dural venous sinuses will all ultimately drain into the internal jugular vein to return to the heart

EXCEPTION*: There is a connection between the cavernous sinus and the pterygoid plexus, the
latter of which drains into the maxillary vein.

65
Q

Dural venous sinuses

A

The superior and inferior sagittal sinuses exists along the margins of the falx cerebri

The transverse sinuses exists along the margins of the tentorium cerebelli

The cavernous sinuses exist between the sella turcica and the temporal lobe

66
Q

Cavernous sinus

A
  • Against lateral side of body of sphenoid bone
  • Either side of sella turcica
  • Receives blood from the: cerebral veins, ophthalmic veins (orbit) and emissary veins
67
Q

Cavernous sinus - what if found at medial and lateral borders?

A

Medial border

  • Internal carotid artery
  • Abducens nerve (VI)

Lateral border

  • III
  • IV
  • V1
  • V2
68
Q

Emissary vein

A

Emissary veins conduct blood from outside
the cranium, into the venous sinuses
- conduit fro extracranial infections

Anatomy - Head, neck and spine (6 decks)

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