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Anatomy - Head, neck and spine > Brain and Cranium > Flashcards

Brain and Cranium Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the skull?

A

22 excluding ossicles of ear - cranium (neurocranium and viscerocranium) and mandible

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the cranium?

A

cranium - base (brain sits here) and vault (where the brain is)

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3
Q

What are the bones making the cranium?

A

frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid

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4
Q

What are the facial bones?

A

2 maxilla, 2 zygoma, 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal, vomer, 2 inferior conchae, 2 palatine and mandible

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5
Q

What are the three sutures?

A

sagittal, coronal and lambdoid

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6
Q

What do babies skulls have and when do they close?

A

Babies have fontanelles - anterior and posterior

anterior - closes within 18-24 months

posterior - closes within 2-3 months

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7
Q

What are the three cranial fossae?

A

anterior, posterior and middle

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8
Q

What is the ventral surface of the brain?

A

the bottom that sits in the base

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9
Q

What is the first cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

olfactory - smell (olfactory epithelium via olfactory bulb)

SENSORY

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10
Q

What is the second cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

optic - vision (retina)

SENSORY

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11
Q

What is the third cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

oculomotor
MOTOR - superior inferior and medial rectus, inferior oblique and levator palpebrae muscles to move eyeball

PARASYMPATHETIC - pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscles via ciliary ganglion to constrict pupil

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12
Q

What is the fourth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

trochlear
superior oblique muscle to move eyeball
MOTOR

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13
Q

What is the fifth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

trigeminal
SENSORY - face, scalp, cornea, nasal and oral cavities, cranial dura (sensation)

MOTOR - muscle of chewing and tensor tympani muscle to open and close mouth and tense the tympanic membrane

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14
Q

What is the sixth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

abducens

MOTOR - lateral rectus muscle to move eyeball

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15
Q

What is the seventh cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

facial

SENSORY - anterior two thirds of tongue for taste

MOTOR - muscles of face and stapedius muscle for facial movement and tension on middle ear bones

PNS - salivary and lacrimal glands for salivation and lacrimation

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16
Q

What is the second eighth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

vestibulochochlear

SENSORY - vestibular apparatus and chochlea (vestibular sensation and hearing)

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17
Q

What is the ninth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

glossopharyngeal

SENSORY - pharynx, posterior third of tongue, esutachian tube, middle ear and carotid body and sinus for sensation, taste and baro, chemoreception

MOTOR - stylopharyngeus muscle for swallowing
PNS - parotid gland for salivation

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18
Q

What is the tenth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

vagus
SENSORY - pharynx,larynx, oesophagus, external ear, aortic bodies and arch for sensation and chemo, baroreception and visceral sensation

MOTOR - soft palate, pharynx, larynx and upper oesophagus for swallowing, speech

PNS - thoracic and abdominal viscera

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19
Q

What is the eleventh cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

accessory

MOTOR - sternocleiodomastoid and trapezius (movement of head and shoulder)

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20
Q

What is the twelfth cranial nerve and what does it do?

A

hypoglossal

MOTOR -intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles (tongue movement)

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21
Q

From which hole does the olfactory nerve emerge?

A

cribriform plate

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22
Q

From which hole does the optic nerve emerge?

A

optic canal

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23
Q

From which hole does the oculomotor nerve and sub opthalmic vein emerge?

A

superior orbital fissure

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24
Q

From which hole does the trochlear nerve emerge?

A

superior orbital fissure

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25
From which hole does the trigeminal (first branch) nerve emerge?
first branch - opthalmic | superior orbital fissure
26
From which hole does the abducens nerve emerge?
superior orbital fissure
27
From which hole does the 2nd branch of the trigeminal nerve emerge?
maxilla - foramen rotundum
28
From which hole does the 3rd branch of the trigeminal nerve emerge?
madibular - foramen ovale
29
From which hole does the middle meningeal artery and vein emerge?
foramen spinosum
30
From which hole does the internal carotid artery emerge?
carotid canal
31
From which hole does the facial nerve emerge?
internal acoustic meatus
32
From which hole does the vestibulocochlear nerve emerge?
internal acoustic meatus
33
From which hole does the labyrinthine artery emerge?
internal acoustic meatus
34
From which hole does the glossopharyngeal emerge?
jugular foramen
35
From which hole does the vagus nerve emerge?
jugular foramen
36
From which hole does the accessory nerve emerge?
jugular foramen
37
From which hole does the internal jugular vein emerge?
jugular foramen
38
From which hole does the hypoglossal nerve emerge?
hypoglossal canal
39
From which hole does the medulla emerge?
foramen magnum
40
From which hole do the vertebral arteries emerge?
foramen magnum
41
From which hole does the spinal roots of the accessory nerve emerge?
foramen magnum
42
cribriform?
olfactory
43
optic canal?
optic nerve and opthalmic artery
44
superior orbital fissure?
``` oculomotor trochlear 1st trigeminal abducens sup opthalmic vein ```
45
foramen rotundum?
2nd trigeminal
46
foramen ovale?
3rd trigeminal
47
foramen spinosum
middle meningeal artery and vein
48
carotid canal?
internal carotid artery
49
internal acoustic meatus?
facial, vestibulocochlear, labyrinthine artery
50
jugular foramen?
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, internal jugular vein
51
hypoglossal canal?
hypoglossal
52
foramen magnum?
vertebral arteries, medulla and spinal roots of accessory nerve
53
what are the two layers of the dura?
periosteal | meningeal
54
What are the areas where the two layers of dura separate and what is found here?
sinuses | blood
55
What happens to the dura at the foramen magnum?
As the dura emerges from foramen magnum, inner layer continues down vertebal column but the other layer doesn't (periosteal lost)
56
What is the fold caused by the dura between the cerebellum and occiptal lobe called?
tentorium cerebelli
57
Where is the falx cerebri?
Down the longitudinal fissure
58
What is subfalcine herniation and what is its significance?
frontal lobe pushed under the falx cerebri | NOT CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT
59
What is uncal herniation?
innermost part of temporal lobe moves towards the tentorium putting pressure on brainstem AFFECTS MIDBRAIN - UNCONSCIOUSNESS
60
What is tonsillar herniation?
cerebellar tonsils moves downwards through foramen magnum | AFFECTS MEDULLA - CARDIORESPIRATORY FAILURE
61
What is the importance of emissary veins?
Connect external environment to inside of the brain through lacerations as they are in the skull - meningitis for example
62
What is the pterion?
Region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones join together - weakest spot and middle meningeal artery runs below it so a blow to the head can cause an extradural haematoma
63
Layers of the scalp
S – Skin C – Connective Tissue A – Aponeurosis L – Loose Areolar Tissue P - Periosteum
64
Venous drainage in the brain
- Following gas exchange, the capillaries join to become venules like in any other tissue - The cerebral veins however do not go straight to the internal jugular vein. They first drain into the dural venous sinuses - Dural venous sinuses are endothelial lined spaces between the outer periosteal and inner meningeal layers of dura mater - Blood in the dural venous sinuses will all ultimately drain into the internal jugular vein to return to the heart EXCEPTION*: There is a connection between the cavernous sinus and the pterygoid plexus, the latter of which drains into the maxillary vein.
65
Dural venous sinuses
The superior and inferior sagittal sinuses exists along the margins of the falx cerebri The transverse sinuses exists along the margins of the tentorium cerebelli The cavernous sinuses exist between the sella turcica and the temporal lobe
66
Cavernous sinus
- Against lateral side of body of sphenoid bone - Either side of sella turcica - Receives blood from the: cerebral veins, ophthalmic veins (orbit) and emissary veins
67
Cavernous sinus - what if found at medial and lateral borders?
Medial border - Internal carotid artery - Abducens nerve (VI) Lateral border - III - IV - V1 - V2
68
Emissary vein
Emissary veins conduct blood from outside the cranium, into the venous sinuses - conduit fro extracranial infections

Anatomy - Head, neck and spine (6 decks)

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