Neck Anatomy

Question 1

What is the lymphatic drainage of the superior 1/3 of the oesophagus?

Answer 1

Deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 2

What is the lymphatic drainage of the middle third of the oesophagus?

Answer 2

Posterior and superior mediastinal nodes

Question 3

What is the lymphatic drainage of the lower third of the oesophagus?

Answer 3

Left gastric and coeliac nodes

Question 4

What is the blood supply to the abdominal oesophagus?

Answer 4

Left gastric artery and left inferior phrenic artery

Question 5

What is the venous drainage of the oesophagus ?

Answer 5

Azygous vein - systemic

Left gastric vein - portal

Question 6

What are the 4 physiological constrictions of the oesophagus ? (ABCD)

Answer 6

A - arch of aorta
B - bronchus (left main stem)
C - cricoid cartilage
D - diaphragmatic hiatus

Question 7

What type of epithelium predominates the oesophagus lining?

Answer 7

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 8

What is the length of the oesophagus ?

Answer 8

25cm

Question 9

What are the 3 characteristic feature of the cervical spine vertebrae?

Answer 9

1. Triangular vertebral foremen
2. Bifid spinous process
3. Transverse foramina

Question 10

What does the ‘atlas’ refer to?

Answer 10

C1

Question 11

What does the axis refer to?

Answer 11

C2

Question 12

Why is the external jugular vein susceptible to injury?

Answer 12

Superficial course in the neck

Question 13

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 13

Superior - mandible inferior border
Lateral - anterior border of SCM
Medial - midline of neck

Question 14

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 14

Anterior - posterior border of SCM
Posterior - anterior border of trapezius
Inferior - middle 1/3 of clavicle

Question 15

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

Answer 15

Common carotid
Internal jugular
Hypoglossal and vagus nerves
Ansa cervicalis

Question 16

What is the innervation of the infrahyoid (strap) muscles?

Answer 16

Ansa cervicalis and CNXII

Question 17

Which nerve transmits information to the brain from the carotid sinus?

Answer 17

Glossypharyngeal nerve

Question 18

Which arteries provide the blood supply to the scalp?

Answer 18

Superficial temporal
Occipital
Posterior auricular

Question 19

Which artery is implicated during an extradural haematoma?

Answer 19

Middle meningeal artery (branch of maxillary)

Question 20

Which jugular vein is the continuation of the sigmoid sinus?

Answer 20

Internal jugular vein

Question 21

What sort of defect would someone with diaphragmatic paralysis show on spirometry?

Answer 21

Restrictive defect

Question 22

What are the symptoms of unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy?

Answer 22

Hoarse voice

Question 23

What are the clinical features of a bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy?

Answer 23

Breathing difficulty, a phobia

Question 24

Which laryngeal cartilage forms a full ring around the larynx?

Answer 24

Cricoid cartilage (used in RSI)

Question 25

Where does the inferior thyroid artery originate?

Answer 25

Thyrocervical trunk

Question 26

Where does the superior thyroid artery originate?

Answer 26

External carotid artery

Question 27

What is the embryological origin of the superior thyroid glands?

Answer 27

4th pharyngeal pouch

Question 28

What is the embryological origin of the inferior parathyroid glands?

Answer 28

3rd pharyngeal pouch

Question 29

Where are the superior parathyroid glands located?

Answer 29

1cm superior to entry of inferior thyroid arteries | Inferior border of cricoid cartilage

Question 30

at what level does the trachea originate?

Answer 30

C6

Question 31

at what level does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 31

T4/5

Question 32

At what level does the carotid artery bifurcate?

Answer 32

Upper border of thyroid cartilage | C4/5

Question 33

what is the level of the hyoid bone?

Answer 33

C3

Question 34

what level is the notch of thyroid cartilage located?

Answer 34

C4

Question 35

Where does the cricoid cartilage located?

Answer 35

C6

Question 36

which vertebral levels does the larynx occupy?

Answer 36

C3-C6

Question 37

what name is given to the narrowest part of the larynx?

Answer 37

Rima Glottidis

Question 38

at what vertebral level does the inferior thyroid artery enter the thyroid?

Answer 38

C6 - lower border of cricoid cartilage

Question 39

what is the arterial supply of the larynx?

Answer 39

Laryngeal arteries - branches of superior and inferior thyroid artery

Question 40

what is the venous drainage of the larynx?

Answer 40

Superior and Inferior Laryngeal Arteries (to superior and middle thyroid veins)

Question 41

which muscle abducts the vocal folds - i.e. opens the rima glottidis?

Answer 41

Posterior Cricothyroid

Question 42

which muscles close the rima glottidis?

Answer 42

Lateral cricothyroid | Transverse + Oblique arytenoids

Question 43

which muscle tenses the vocal folds?

Answer 43

Cricothyroid

Question 44

what are the eight branches of the external carotid artery?

Answer 44

``` Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal ```

Question 45

what are the branches of the subclavian artery?

Answer 45

``` Vertebral Internal thoracic Thyrocervical trunk Costocervical trunk Dorsal scapular (VIT CD) ```

Question 46

what are the branches of the axillary artery?

Answer 46

``` Superior thoracic Thoracoacromial Lateral thoracic Subscapular Anterior humeral circumflex Posterior humeral circumflex ```

Question 47

what arteries branch from the thyrocervical trunk?

Answer 47

inferior thyroid suprascapular transverse cervical

Question 48

to which vessel does the middle thyroid vein drain?

Answer 48

internal jugular vein

Question 49

to which vessel does the inferior thyroid vein drain?

Answer 49

brachiocephalic vein

Question 50

``` the following nerves lie in which triangle of the neck? Supraclavicular nerve transverse cervical nerve greater auricular nerve lesser occipital nerve ```

Answer 50

posterior triangle

Question 51

the phrenic nerve lies in which triangle of the neck?

Answer 51

posterior triangle

Question 52

the external jugular vein lies in which triangle of the neck?

Answer 52

posterior triangle

Question 53

the internal jugular vein lies in which triangle of the neck?

Answer 53

anterior triangle

Question 54

the ansa cervicalis lies in which triangle of the neck?

Answer 54

anterior

Question 55

a pharyngeal pouch will tend to occur between which two muscles?

Answer 55

cricopharyngeus and thyropharyngeus | killians triangle

Question 56

cricopharyngeus and thyropharyngeus make up which constrictor of the pharynx?

Answer 56

inferior

Question 57

does the cervical sympathetic chain lie anterior or posterior to the carotid sheath?

Answer 57

posterior

Question 58

what pathological feature is present in branchial cysts?

Answer 58

cholesterol crystals