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Small Parts > Neck > Flashcards

Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thyroid gladnd’s one purpose?

A

to produce thyroid hormone

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2
Q

Imaging of the lower poles can be enhanced by asking the patient to…

A

swallow, which momentarily raises the thyroid gland in the neck.

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3
Q

This is a normal variant of thyroid tissue that extends superior to the isthmus.

A

pyramidal lobe

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4
Q

The newborn thyroid gland is __ long with an AP diameter of __.

A

18-20 mm, 8-9 mm

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5
Q

The 1 yr old thyroid gland is __ long, with an AP diameter of __.

A

25 mm, 12-15 mm

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6
Q

The adult thyroid gland is __ long with an AP diameter of __.

A

40-60 mm, 13-18 mm

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7
Q

The mean thickness of the thyroid isthmus is…

A

4-6 mm.

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8
Q

Normal thyroid parenchyma has a __geneous, __ level echogenicity.

A

homo-, mid-to-high

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9
Q

The thryoid capsule may get ___ in patients who have uremia or disorders of calcium metabolism.

A

calcified

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10
Q

The superior thyroid artery and vein are found at the ___ pole of each lobe.

A

upper

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11
Q

The inferior thyroid vein is found at the ___ pole.

A

lower

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12
Q

The __ thyroid artery is located posterior to the lower third of each lobe and is an indirect branch of the subclavian artery.

A

inferior

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13
Q

Which muscles are anterior to the thyroid gland?

A

‘strap’ muscles

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14
Q

Which muscle lies anterolateral to the thyroid gland?

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM)

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15
Q

Which muscle is located posterior to the thyroid lobe?

A

longus colli muscle

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16
Q

This structure is located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid, but are typically not seen with u/s due to their small size.

A

parathyroid gland

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17
Q

This structure is located midline, giving a characteristic curvilinear reflecting surface with reverberation.

A

trachea

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18
Q

This structure is primarily midline/lateral and usually left side with a target appearance.

A

esophagus

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19
Q

These vessels lie lateral to the thyroid gland.

A

CCA & IJV

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20
Q

This is the congenital absence of a thyroid gland.

A

agenesis

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21
Q

This is an enlarged thryoid gland.

A

hyperplasia

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22
Q

This is a thryoid gland in an atypical place.

A

ectopic

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23
Q

An ectopic thyroid can occur anywhere along the course followed by the ___ duct during its embryonic descent from the tongue.

A

thyroglossal

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24
Q

T/F? Ectopic thyroid tissue always raises the possibility of metastatic thyroid cancer.

A

true

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25
Q

How much of the adult US population have palpable thyroid nodules?

A

4-7%

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26
Q

T/F? The overwhelming majority of thryoid nodules are malignant.

A

FALSE, benign

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27
Q

These represent only 5-10% of all nodules in the thyroid

A

adenomas

28
Q

This is a true thyroid neoplasm that is characterized by compression of adjacent tissues and fibrous encapsulation.

A

benign follicular adenoma

29
Q

Sonographically, adenomas are commonly __ masses that may be ___echoic and often has a __ that is thick and smooth.

A

solid, hyper-/iso-/hypo-, peripheral hypoechoic halo

30
Q

T/F? Diffuse thyroid disease results in generalized enlargement of the gland.

A

true

31
Q

Specific conditions that commonly produce diffuse thyroid enlargement are…

A
  1. hashimoto’s
  2. goiter
  3. graves disease
32
Q

T/F? Approximately 50% of nodular thyroid disease is due to hyperplasia.

A

FALSE, 80%

33
Q

What thyroid condition is caused by iodine deficiency and/or hormonogenesis?

A

hyperplasia

34
Q

This term is used for the overall increase in size or volume of the thyroid.

A

goiter

35
Q

Adenomatous goiter is also known as…

A

multinodular goiter (MNG)

36
Q

Sonographically, MNG appears as ___ nodules, diffuse parenchymal __, mixed echogenicity w/o normal tissue.

A

multiple discrete, inhomogeneity

37
Q

Sonographically MNG appears very similar to…

A

Hashimoto’s.

38
Q

T/F? MNG is a condition of the very young and very old.

A

FALSE, prime (35-50)

39
Q

MNG nodules undergo ___ with the accumulation of blood, serous fluid, and colloid substance.

A

liquefactive degeneration

40
Q

Sonographically, most hyperplastic thyroid nodules are __echoic compared to normal tissue.

A

iso-

41
Q

If the hyperplastic thyroid nodule is iso- or hyperechoic, a ___ is common.

A

thin perpheral hypoechoic halo

42
Q

Hashimoto’s disease is also known as…

A

chronic lymphocytic thyroid

43
Q

This is the most common type of thyroiditis which is thouht to be autoimmune related.

A

Hashimoto’s

44
Q

This is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US after the age of 6 years.

A

Hashimoto’s

45
Q

T/F? Hashimoto’s causes hyperthyroidism.

A

FALSE, hypo-

46
Q

T/F? Hashimoto’s affects young to middle-aged women.

A

true

47
Q

Hashimoto’s causes painfless diffuse thyroid ___ and looks like ___ (labs will help diagnose).

A

enlargement, MNG

48
Q

The usual lab finding for hypothyroidism is…

A

elevated TSH level.

49
Q

Hypothyroid symptoms are either…

A

absent or nonspecific.

50
Q

This thyroid disorder is associated with hypervascularity and cervical lymphadenopathy.

A

hypothyroidism

51
Q

This is a common diffuse abnormality of the thyroid gland, looks similar to MNG, and is characterized by hyperthyroidism.

A

Graves disease

52
Q

What is the color doppler of the hypervascular pattern in Graves disease called?

A

thyroid inferno

53
Q

Patients with Graves present with what symptoms?

A
  1. enlarged thyroid
  2. prominent eyes**
  3. heart symptoms
  4. palpable lymphnodes
  5. muscle atrophy
  6. myxedema (red waxy skin)
  7. weight loss
  8. tremors
54
Q

The usual lab finding for Graves is…

A

the presence of thyroid stimulating immuloglobins (TSI).

55
Q

This is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.

A

Graves

56
Q

T/F? Graves is characterized by high TSH and low T4/T3.

A

FALSE, low TSH and high T4/T3

57
Q

T/F? In Graves, the thyroid may be so hypervascular that there is an aubile bruitt or palpable thrill.

A

true

58
Q

What are the main thyroid hormones?

A

TSH
T4
T3

59
Q

Which organs regulate the thyroid hormones?

A

thyroid, pituitary gland, hypothalamus

60
Q

This is produced by the pituitary to stimulate the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones.

A

TSH

61
Q

When TSH is high, the patient has…

A

hypothyroidism.

62
Q

When TSH is low, the patient has…

A

hyperthyroidism.

63
Q

These hormones are produced by the thyroid.

A

serum thyroid hormones (T4/T3)

64
Q

When T4/T3 is low, the patient has…

A

hypothyroidism.

65
Q

When T4/T3 is high, the patient has…

A

hyperthyroidism.

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