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Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thyroid gladnd’s one purpose?

A

to produce thyroid hormone

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2
Q

Imaging of the lower poles can be enhanced by asking the patient to…

A

swallow, which momentarily raises the thyroid gland in the neck.

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3
Q

This is a normal variant of thyroid tissue that extends superior to the isthmus.

A

pyramidal lobe

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4
Q

The newborn thyroid gland is __ long with an AP diameter of __.

A

18-20 mm, 8-9 mm

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5
Q

The 1 yr old thyroid gland is __ long, with an AP diameter of __.

A

25 mm, 12-15 mm

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6
Q

The adult thyroid gland is __ long with an AP diameter of __.

A

40-60 mm, 13-18 mm

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7
Q

The mean thickness of the thyroid isthmus is…

A

4-6 mm.

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8
Q

Normal thyroid parenchyma has a __geneous, __ level echogenicity.

A

homo-, mid-to-high

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9
Q

The thryoid capsule may get ___ in patients who have uremia or disorders of calcium metabolism.

A

calcified

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10
Q

The superior thyroid artery and vein are found at the ___ pole of each lobe.

A

upper

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11
Q

The inferior thyroid vein is found at the ___ pole.

A

lower

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12
Q

The __ thyroid artery is located posterior to the lower third of each lobe and is an indirect branch of the subclavian artery.

A

inferior

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13
Q

Which muscles are anterior to the thyroid gland?

A

‘strap’ muscles

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14
Q

Which muscle lies anterolateral to the thyroid gland?

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM)

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15
Q

Which muscle is located posterior to the thyroid lobe?

A

longus colli muscle

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16
Q

This structure is located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid, but are typically not seen with u/s due to their small size.

A

parathyroid gland

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17
Q

This structure is located midline, giving a characteristic curvilinear reflecting surface with reverberation.

A

trachea

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18
Q

This structure is primarily midline/lateral and usually left side with a target appearance.

A

esophagus

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19
Q

These vessels lie lateral to the thyroid gland.

A

CCA & IJV

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20
Q

This is the congenital absence of a thyroid gland.

A

agenesis

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21
Q

This is an enlarged thryoid gland.

A

hyperplasia

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22
Q

This is a thryoid gland in an atypical place.

A

ectopic

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23
Q

An ectopic thyroid can occur anywhere along the course followed by the ___ duct during its embryonic descent from the tongue.

A

thyroglossal

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24
Q

T/F? Ectopic thyroid tissue always raises the possibility of metastatic thyroid cancer.

A

true

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25
How much of the adult US population have palpable thyroid nodules?
4-7%
26
T/F? The overwhelming majority of thryoid nodules are malignant.
FALSE, benign
27
These represent only 5-10% of all nodules in the thyroid
adenomas
28
This is a true thyroid neoplasm that is characterized by compression of adjacent tissues and fibrous encapsulation.
benign follicular adenoma
29
Sonographically, adenomas are commonly __ masses that may be ___echoic and often has a __ that is thick and smooth.
solid, hyper-/iso-/hypo-, peripheral hypoechoic halo
30
T/F? Diffuse thyroid disease results in generalized enlargement of the gland.
true
31
Specific conditions that commonly produce diffuse thyroid enlargement are...
1. hashimoto's 2. goiter 3. graves disease
32
T/F? Approximately 50% of nodular thyroid disease is due to hyperplasia.
FALSE, 80%
33
What thyroid condition is caused by iodine deficiency and/or hormonogenesis?
hyperplasia
34
This term is used for the overall increase in size or volume of the thyroid.
goiter
35
Adenomatous goiter is also known as...
multinodular goiter (MNG)
36
Sonographically, MNG appears as ___ nodules, diffuse parenchymal __, mixed echogenicity w/o normal tissue.
multiple discrete, inhomogeneity
37
Sonographically MNG appears very similar to...
Hashimoto's.
38
T/F? MNG is a condition of the very young and very old.
FALSE, prime (35-50)
39
MNG nodules undergo ___ with the accumulation of blood, serous fluid, and colloid substance.
liquefactive degeneration
40
Sonographically, most hyperplastic thyroid nodules are __echoic compared to normal tissue.
iso-
41
If the hyperplastic thyroid nodule is iso- or hyperechoic, a ___ is common.
thin perpheral hypoechoic halo
42
Hashimoto's disease is also known as...
chronic lymphocytic thyroid
43
This is the most common type of thyroiditis which is thouht to be autoimmune related.
Hashimoto's
44
This is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US after the age of 6 years.
Hashimoto's
45
T/F? Hashimoto's causes hyperthyroidism.
FALSE, hypo-
46
T/F? Hashimoto's affects young to middle-aged women.
true
47
Hashimoto's causes painfless diffuse thyroid ___ and looks like ___ (labs will help diagnose).
enlargement, MNG
48
The usual lab finding for hypothyroidism is...
elevated TSH level.
49
Hypothyroid symptoms are either...
absent or nonspecific.
50
This thyroid disorder is associated with hypervascularity and cervical lymphadenopathy.
hypothyroidism
51
This is a common diffuse abnormality of the thyroid gland, looks similar to MNG, and is characterized by hyperthyroidism.
Graves disease
52
What is the color doppler of the hypervascular pattern in Graves disease called?
thyroid inferno
53
Patients with Graves present with what symptoms?
1. enlarged thyroid 2. prominent eyes** 3. heart symptoms 4. palpable lymphnodes 5. muscle atrophy 6. myxedema (red waxy skin) 7. weight loss 8. tremors
54
The usual lab finding for Graves is...
the presence of thyroid stimulating immuloglobins (TSI).
55
This is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.
Graves
56
T/F? Graves is characterized by high TSH and low T4/T3.
FALSE, low TSH and high T4/T3
57
T/F? In Graves, the thyroid may be so hypervascular that there is an aubile bruitt or palpable thrill.
true
58
What are the main thyroid hormones?
TSH T4 T3
59
Which organs regulate the thyroid hormones?
thyroid, pituitary gland, hypothalamus
60
This is produced by the pituitary to stimulate the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones.
TSH
61
When TSH is high, the patient has...
hypothyroidism.
62
When TSH is low, the patient has...
hyperthyroidism.
63
These hormones are produced by the thyroid.
serum thyroid hormones (T4/T3)
64
When T4/T3 is low, the patient has...
hypothyroidism.
65
When T4/T3 is high, the patient has...
hyperthyroidism.

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