Breast Flashcards
1
Q
At six weeks development breast development begins with the thickening of the…
A
mammary ridge or milk line.
2
Q
At __ development, breast development begins with the thickening of the mammary ridge or milk line.
A
six weeks
3
Q
The breast is __ to the pectoralis major.
A
anterior
4
Q
The breast is bound __ by the sternum.
A
medially
5
Q
The breast is bordered __ by the margin of the axilla.
A
laterally
6
Q
The breast is bordered __ by the 2nd and 3rd ribs.
A
superiorly
7
Q
This is the portion of the breast that extends into the axilla.
A
tail of spence
8
Q
The breast is bordered __ by the 7th costal cartilage.
A
inferiorly
9
Q
This hormone increases breast tissue development during puberty, childbearing years, etc.
A
estrogen
10
Q
The three layers of breast tissue are…
A
- subcutaneous
- mammary
- retromammary
11
Q
The subcutaneous layer consists of…
A
skin and subcutaneous fat
12
Q
The mammary layer consists of…
A
glandular tissues, ducts, and connective tissue.
13
Q
The retromammary layer consists of…
A
retromammary fat, muscle and deep connective tissue.
14
Q
Anatomically, the breast is composed of __ and __ elements.
A
parenchymal and stromal
15
Q
The parenchymal elements of breast tissue are…
A
- lobes
- lobules
- ducts
- acini
16
Q
The stromal elements of breast tissues are…
A
- connective tissue
2. fat
17
Q
The normal breast is composed of __ lobes separated by __ tissue.
A
15 to 20; adipose
18
Q
Breast lobes are divided into __.
A
lobules
19
Q
Each breast lobule contains glandular tissue called __
A
alveoli aka acini
20
Q
This is a canal carrying milk secreted by the gland to the nipple.
A
lactiferous ducts.
21
Q
Lactiferous ducts measure __ in non-pregnant women.
A
2 mm
22
Q
Lactiferous ducts measure __ in nursing women.
A
8 mm
23
Q
Breast tissue is supported by suspensory ligaments called…
A
Cooper’s ligaments
24
Q
Cooper’s ligaments run from the deep muscle facsia to…
A
the skin surface.
25
Breast development is stimulated by...
estrogen.
26
Estrogen stimulates both __ and __ elements.
parenchymal and stromal
27
Increased levels of __ stimulate breast development in pregnancy.
progesterone
28
Milk production is controlled by hormones produced within the...
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland.
29
This hormone prevents the release of prolactin until milk production becomes necessary following childbirth.
prolactin-inhibiting factor
30
Prolactin-inhibiting factor is produced by the...
hypothalamus.
31
This hormone stimulates the secreting system of the breast.
prolactin
32
Prolactin is produced by the...
anterior pituitary gland.
33
Prolactin levels increase after...
the placenta is expelled.
34
This hormone causes contraction of the lactiferous ducts.
oxytocin
35
Oxytocin is produced by the...
posterior pituitary gland.
36
Alveoli secrete milk into the...
secondary tubules.
37
The secondary tubules from each lobule converge to form...
a lactiferous duct.
38
Each lactiferous duct has an ampulla or expanded region called...
Montgomery's gland.
39
Secretions from this gland keep the nipple area pliant.
areolar glands
40
The sonographic appearance of the breast depends upon which two factors?
1. the age of the woman
| 2. the functional state of the breast
41
Sonographically, Cooper's ligaments appear as __echoic bans coursing through __.
hyper-, subcutaneous fat
42
This is where the majority of breast cancers are located.
the mammary zone
43
__ breasts tend to be more dense.
Younger
44
T/F? Older patients presenting with possible masses are often first evaluated with ultrasound.
FALSE, younger
45
T/F? With age the anterior subcutaneous layer becomes more prominent.
true
46
Breast fat appears __echoic to the surrounding parenchymal tissue.
hyper-
47
Breast ducts and ductules appear as __echoic structures.
an-
48
Glandular parenchymal tissues appear __geneous with __level echogenicity.
homo-, low to mid
49
When scanning directly anterior to the nipple, __ is visualized.
posterior shadowing
50
The overall sonographic appearance should be consistent throughout each __ and between __.
breast, the two breasts
51
The most common reason to u/s a breast is to...
determine the composition of a breast mass.
52
Breast calcifications must be at least __ to be detected.
a few mm in diameter
53
T/F? U/s cannot detect very small calcification that are the first sign of breast cancer.
true
54
Reasons to u/s a breast...
1. evaluate a breast mass**
2. evaluate a lymph node
3. evaluate breast implants
4. breast cyst aspirations
5. breast biopsies
55
This is a common but benign condition with painful lumpy tender breasts that are often worse before the menstrual cycle.
fibrocystic disease
56
This breast condition is common among women between the ages of 30 and 50, but women younger than 30 may be affected.
fibrocystic disease
57
A fibrous breast has increased amounts of __ and therefore increased echogenicity.
connective tissue
58
What sonography technique is useful with fibrous breasts to eliminate posterior shadowing?
compression
59
T/F? Breast cysts are not usually associated with breast cancer.
true
60
A fatty breast has __ echogenicity.
decreased
61
T/F? Breast cysts are common in premenopausal women or women on HRT.
true
62
This is the most common single cause of breast lumps in women between 35-50 yrs old.
breast cysts
63
Three general categories of breast imaging.
1. screening
2. diagnostic
3. interventional procedure
64
T/F? Breast u/s is done as a screening process to check for malignancy in the general population.
FALSE
65
BI-RADS stands for...
```
Breast
Imaging
Reporting
And
Data
System
```
66
BI-RADS classify a mass as...
1. normal
2. benign
3. probably benign
4. suspicious
5. probably malignant
67
Examples of a benign breast mass...
cyst, fibroadenoma
68
Examples of a breast mass that's probably benign...
a round or oval mass
69
Examples of a suspicious breast mass...
irregular, solid, calcifications
70
When a breast mass is identified by mammo it is normally described using what guidelines?
BI-RADS
71
This is the most common malignant breast mass.
infiltrating ductal carcinoma (65-80%)
72
Breast structures that produce shadowing...
1. cooper's ligaments
2. fibrocystic tissue
3. scar tissue
4. malignancies
73
This breast malignancy is usually a secondary condition and is found with a right side predominance.
lymphoma
74
This breast malignancy happens with about 1% incidence around 45 yrs old.
breast mets
75
This breast malignancy is a rare mammary lesion occurring in middle age with rapid growth.
sarcoma and angiosarcoma
76
This accounts for 15% of all breast cancers and includes the 'in situ' types.
non-invasive breast cancer
77
This accounts for 65-85% of all breast cancers. :(
invasive breast cancer
78
Sonographically, breast cancers appear __echoic with __ borders and __calcifications and are TALLER THAN THEY ARE WIDE.
hypo-, irregular, micro-
79
The needle-like projections of breast cancer masses are called...
spiculation.
80
T/F? Breast cancers masses tend to have posterior shadowing and an echogenic rim.
true
81
Clinical signs of breast cancer...
1. lump
2. inverted nipple
3. skin swelling
4. superficial veins
5. skin dimpling
82
This antigen level is used following breast cancer.
CEA aka carcinoembryonic antigen
83
If CEA is elevated after tumor removal, it indicates...
The tumor has returned.
84
This enzyme rules out tumor mets in breast cancer patients.
Alkaline phosphatase
85
T/F? Alkaline phosphatase elevation hiring pregnancy or the first year is a cancer indicator.
FALSE, normal
86
This is a benign solid breast tumor in women <35 under estrogen influence.
Fibroadenoma
87
Sonographically, fibroadenomas appear as...
Hypoechoic, oval, sharp margins
88
The differential diagnoses for fibroadenomas are...
Medullary, mucinous, or papillary carcinoma
89
Sonographically, breast implant rupture may appear with...
1. Stepladder sign
2. Internal echoes
3. Snowstorm sign
4. Contour deformity
5. Peri-implant fluid collections
90
The internal thoracic artery is also known as...
The internal mammary artery.
91
The internal thoracic artery arises from the...
Subclavian artery.
92
The internal thoracic artery travels inferiority on the inside of the ribcage, about __ from the sternum, __ to the nipple.
A centimeter, medial
93
Most of the breasts lymph drainage occurs through the __ nodes.
Axillary
94
The lesser portion of the breast lymph drainage occurs through the __ nodes.
Thoracic
95
In breast u/s annotation, the 123 refers to the...
Relative distance from the nipple.
96
In breast u/s annotation, the ABC refers to...
Relative depth.
97
This is the most common sex chromosome disorder.
Klinefelters syndrome
98
Symptoms of Klinefelters...
1. Small firm testicles
2. Small penis
3. Scant body hair
4. Sex problems
5. Gynemastia
6. Tall height
7. Long limbs, short trunk
99
Most common causes of gynemastia...
1. Puberty
2. Estrogen exposure
3. Androgen exposure
4. Marijuana use
5. Med side effects
