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Small Parts > Breast > Flashcards

Breast Flashcards

1
Q

At six weeks development breast development begins with the thickening of the…

A

mammary ridge or milk line.

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2
Q

At __ development, breast development begins with the thickening of the mammary ridge or milk line.

A

six weeks

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3
Q

The breast is __ to the pectoralis major.

A

anterior

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4
Q

The breast is bound __ by the sternum.

A

medially

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5
Q

The breast is bordered __ by the margin of the axilla.

A

laterally

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6
Q

The breast is bordered __ by the 2nd and 3rd ribs.

A

superiorly

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7
Q

This is the portion of the breast that extends into the axilla.

A

tail of spence

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8
Q

The breast is bordered __ by the 7th costal cartilage.

A

inferiorly

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9
Q

This hormone increases breast tissue development during puberty, childbearing years, etc.

A

estrogen

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10
Q

The three layers of breast tissue are…

A
  1. subcutaneous
  2. mammary
  3. retromammary
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11
Q

The subcutaneous layer consists of…

A

skin and subcutaneous fat

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12
Q

The mammary layer consists of…

A

glandular tissues, ducts, and connective tissue.

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13
Q

The retromammary layer consists of…

A

retromammary fat, muscle and deep connective tissue.

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14
Q

Anatomically, the breast is composed of __ and __ elements.

A

parenchymal and stromal

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15
Q

The parenchymal elements of breast tissue are…

A
  1. lobes
  2. lobules
  3. ducts
  4. acini
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16
Q

The stromal elements of breast tissues are…

A
  1. connective tissue

2. fat

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17
Q

The normal breast is composed of __ lobes separated by __ tissue.

A

15 to 20; adipose

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18
Q

Breast lobes are divided into __.

A

lobules

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19
Q

Each breast lobule contains glandular tissue called __

A

alveoli aka acini

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20
Q

This is a canal carrying milk secreted by the gland to the nipple.

A

lactiferous ducts.

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21
Q

Lactiferous ducts measure __ in non-pregnant women.

A

2 mm

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22
Q

Lactiferous ducts measure __ in nursing women.

A

8 mm

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23
Q

Breast tissue is supported by suspensory ligaments called…

A

Cooper’s ligaments

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24
Q

Cooper’s ligaments run from the deep muscle facsia to…

A

the skin surface.

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25
Q

Breast development is stimulated by…

A

estrogen.

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26
Q

Estrogen stimulates both __ and __ elements.

A

parenchymal and stromal

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27
Q

Increased levels of __ stimulate breast development in pregnancy.

A

progesterone

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28
Q

Milk production is controlled by hormones produced within the…

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland.

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29
Q

This hormone prevents the release of prolactin until milk production becomes necessary following childbirth.

A

prolactin-inhibiting factor

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30
Q

Prolactin-inhibiting factor is produced by the…

A

hypothalamus.

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31
Q

This hormone stimulates the secreting system of the breast.

A

prolactin

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32
Q

Prolactin is produced by the…

A

anterior pituitary gland.

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33
Q

Prolactin levels increase after…

A

the placenta is expelled.

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34
Q

This hormone causes contraction of the lactiferous ducts.

A

oxytocin

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35
Q

Oxytocin is produced by the…

A

posterior pituitary gland.

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36
Q

Alveoli secrete milk into the…

A

secondary tubules.

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37
Q

The secondary tubules from each lobule converge to form…

A

a lactiferous duct.

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38
Q

Each lactiferous duct has an ampulla or expanded region called…

A

Montgomery’s gland.

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39
Q

Secretions from this gland keep the nipple area pliant.

A

areolar glands

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40
Q

The sonographic appearance of the breast depends upon which two factors?

A
  1. the age of the woman

2. the functional state of the breast

41
Q

Sonographically, Cooper’s ligaments appear as __echoic bans coursing through __.

A

hyper-, subcutaneous fat

42
Q

This is where the majority of breast cancers are located.

A

the mammary zone

43
Q

__ breasts tend to be more dense.

A

Younger

44
Q

T/F? Older patients presenting with possible masses are often first evaluated with ultrasound.

A

FALSE, younger

45
Q

T/F? With age the anterior subcutaneous layer becomes more prominent.

A

true

46
Q

Breast fat appears __echoic to the surrounding parenchymal tissue.

A

hyper-

47
Q

Breast ducts and ductules appear as __echoic structures.

A

an-

48
Q

Glandular parenchymal tissues appear __geneous with __level echogenicity.

A

homo-, low to mid

49
Q

When scanning directly anterior to the nipple, __ is visualized.

A

posterior shadowing

50
Q

The overall sonographic appearance should be consistent throughout each __ and between __.

A

breast, the two breasts

51
Q

The most common reason to u/s a breast is to…

A

determine the composition of a breast mass.

52
Q

Breast calcifications must be at least __ to be detected.

A

a few mm in diameter

53
Q

T/F? U/s cannot detect very small calcification that are the first sign of breast cancer.

A

true

54
Q

Reasons to u/s a breast…

A
  1. evaluate a breast mass**
  2. evaluate a lymph node
  3. evaluate breast implants
  4. breast cyst aspirations
  5. breast biopsies
55
Q

This is a common but benign condition with painful lumpy tender breasts that are often worse before the menstrual cycle.

A

fibrocystic disease

56
Q

This breast condition is common among women between the ages of 30 and 50, but women younger than 30 may be affected.

A

fibrocystic disease

57
Q

A fibrous breast has increased amounts of __ and therefore increased echogenicity.

A

connective tissue

58
Q

What sonography technique is useful with fibrous breasts to eliminate posterior shadowing?

A

compression

59
Q

T/F? Breast cysts are not usually associated with breast cancer.

A

true

60
Q

A fatty breast has __ echogenicity.

A

decreased

61
Q

T/F? Breast cysts are common in premenopausal women or women on HRT.

A

true

62
Q

This is the most common single cause of breast lumps in women between 35-50 yrs old.

A

breast cysts

63
Q

Three general categories of breast imaging.

A
  1. screening
  2. diagnostic
  3. interventional procedure
64
Q

T/F? Breast u/s is done as a screening process to check for malignancy in the general population.

A

FALSE

65
Q

BI-RADS stands for…

A 
Breast
Imaging
Reporting
And 
Data
System
66
Q

BI-RADS classify a mass as…

A
  1. normal
  2. benign
  3. probably benign
  4. suspicious
  5. probably malignant
67
Q

Examples of a benign breast mass…

A

cyst, fibroadenoma

68
Q

Examples of a breast mass that’s probably benign…

A

a round or oval mass

69
Q

Examples of a suspicious breast mass…

A

irregular, solid, calcifications

70
Q

When a breast mass is identified by mammo it is normally described using what guidelines?

A

BI-RADS

71
Q

This is the most common malignant breast mass.

A

infiltrating ductal carcinoma (65-80%)

72
Q

Breast structures that produce shadowing…

A
  1. cooper’s ligaments
  2. fibrocystic tissue
  3. scar tissue
  4. malignancies
73
Q

This breast malignancy is usually a secondary condition and is found with a right side predominance.

A

lymphoma

74
Q

This breast malignancy happens with about 1% incidence around 45 yrs old.

A

breast mets

75
Q

This breast malignancy is a rare mammary lesion occurring in middle age with rapid growth.

A

sarcoma and angiosarcoma

76
Q

This accounts for 15% of all breast cancers and includes the ‘in situ’ types.

A

non-invasive breast cancer

77
Q

This accounts for 65-85% of all breast cancers. :(

A

invasive breast cancer

78
Q

Sonographically, breast cancers appear __echoic with __ borders and __calcifications and are TALLER THAN THEY ARE WIDE.

A

hypo-, irregular, micro-

79
Q

The needle-like projections of breast cancer masses are called…

A

spiculation.

80
Q

T/F? Breast cancers masses tend to have posterior shadowing and an echogenic rim.

A

true

81
Q

Clinical signs of breast cancer…

A
  1. lump
  2. inverted nipple
  3. skin swelling
  4. superficial veins
  5. skin dimpling
82
Q

This antigen level is used following breast cancer.

A

CEA aka carcinoembryonic antigen

83
Q

If CEA is elevated after tumor removal, it indicates…

A

The tumor has returned.

84
Q

This enzyme rules out tumor mets in breast cancer patients.

A

Alkaline phosphatase

85
Q

T/F? Alkaline phosphatase elevation hiring pregnancy or the first year is a cancer indicator.

A

FALSE, normal

86
Q

This is a benign solid breast tumor in women <35 under estrogen influence.

A

Fibroadenoma

87
Q

Sonographically, fibroadenomas appear as…

A

Hypoechoic, oval, sharp margins

88
Q

The differential diagnoses for fibroadenomas are…

A

Medullary, mucinous, or papillary carcinoma

89
Q

Sonographically, breast implant rupture may appear with…

A
  1. Stepladder sign
  2. Internal echoes
  3. Snowstorm sign
  4. Contour deformity
  5. Peri-implant fluid collections
90
Q

The internal thoracic artery is also known as…

A

The internal mammary artery.

91
Q

The internal thoracic artery arises from the…

A

Subclavian artery.

92
Q

The internal thoracic artery travels inferiority on the inside of the ribcage, about __ from the sternum, __ to the nipple.

A

A centimeter, medial

93
Q

Most of the breasts lymph drainage occurs through the __ nodes.

A

Axillary

94
Q

The lesser portion of the breast lymph drainage occurs through the __ nodes.

A

Thoracic

95
Q

In breast u/s annotation, the 123 refers to the…

A

Relative distance from the nipple.

96
Q

In breast u/s annotation, the ABC refers to…

A

Relative depth.

97
Q

This is the most common sex chromosome disorder.

A

Klinefelters syndrome

98
Q

Symptoms of Klinefelters…

A
  1. Small firm testicles
  2. Small penis
  3. Scant body hair
  4. Sex problems
  5. Gynemastia
  6. Tall height
  7. Long limbs, short trunk
99
Q

Most common causes of gynemastia…

A
  1. Puberty
  2. Estrogen exposure
  3. Androgen exposure
  4. Marijuana use
  5. Med side effects

Small Parts (6 decks)

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