Neanderthals

Question 1

What species are the hominins from Sima de los Huesos

Answer 1

Ancient Neanderthals (know this from DNA)

Question 2

When did Neanderthals live?

Answer 2

~450-40 kya

Question 3

Where did Neanderthals live?

Answer 3

Europe, Middle East, Western Asia (not africa!)

Question 4

Neandertal characteristics

Answer 4

~1450 cc
-no chin (some variation with this)
-big, projected face
-big brow ridge
-no forehead
-occipital bun
-retromolar gap
-short and stocky
-football shaped skull

Question 5

Neanderthal culture

Answer 5

-clothing
-mousterian stone tool culture
-made fire
-landscape modification
-lots of meat
-buried dead
-jewelry
-cave painting
-language

Question 6

What was “neanderthal daycare”?

Answer 6

-Le Rozel, Normandy, France
-footprints from 14 individuals, almost all of them children
-80,000 kya

Question 7

La Chapelle

Answer 7

-one of the first Neanderthal skeletons found
-had severe arthritis so for a while people thought all Neanderthals were hunched over when they walked
~60kya

Question 8

Neanderthal stone tool culture

Answer 8

-mousterian: levallois technique
-final flake off of core is a blade, this requires planning to get the right blade
-made spears fr throwing
-hafted tools with heated birch bark to make glue
-traveled to get materials for tools

Question 9

evidence for neanderthal clothing

Answer 9

-human body lice originated 540,000 years ago
-tools have been found that resemble modern clothes making tools
-plant fibers that have been deliberately rolled together to make string

Question 10

Neanderthal fires

Answer 10

-hearths throughout neanderthal sites
-pieces of flint that have been struck in the middle
-division of caves into rooms– fire in a place that would maximize heat and minimize smoke

Question 11

El sidron

Answer 11

-partial neandertal skeleton
-Spain
-49,000 years ago
-smoke form dental plaque shows fires in caves
-chewed on poplar leaves– medicinal

Question 12

Schoningen spears

Answer 12

-385,000 years old
-neandertal site
-effectively weighted spears for throwing

Question 13

St. Cesaire, France

Answer 13

-350,000 years old
-neanderthals
-evidence of interpersonal violence– cut on top of head from mousterian spear

Question 14

Shanidar 1, Iraq

Answer 14

-neanderthal
-very worn down teeth
-gum disese
-injury to right forearm, humerus withered away
-blind in left eye and deaf
-lived to be an old man (cared for), and was buried

Question 15

Bruniquel cave, France

Answer 15

176,000 years ago
-neandertal ceremonial site
-2 tons of stalagmites/stalagtites reorganized into circles

Question 16

Krapina, croatia

Answer 16

-130,000 years ago
-neandertal skull
-dead individual defleshed, parallel cut marks across skull