NCSF Anatomy Flashcards
Initial abduction (0-30%) of the humerus is caused by the _______ muscle, which also serves to stabilize the shoulder joint
Supraspinatus muscle
Increasing the length of the _________ will increase the difficulty of an exercise
Resistance Arm
The ______ consists of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.
Motor Unit
The ______ causes trunk rotation and lateral flexion
External Oblique
During an abdominal curl-up, it is important that the pelvis remains tilted _________ during abdominal flexion due to the fact that the abdominals connects to the pelvis, not the femur
Posteriorly
The primary muscle(s) trained during the supine pullover exercise include ____________.
Latissimus dorsi and the pectoralis major
An anterior pelvic tilt would cause an increased ______ spinal curvature of the lumbar spine
Lordotic
During the proper performance of the back squat, the erector spinae is performing a(n) _________ muscle contraction during the downward phase of the movement.
Isometric
What is the innermost layer of the abdominal wall and serves as the primary abdominal stabilizer of the spine?
Transverse abdomonis
Beyond ______ degrees of abdominal flexion, the ______ muscles are activated and take over the role of the primary mover.
30, Hip Flexor
While the prime movers, or agonist muscle groups, concentrically contract, the __________ muscles lengthen.
Antagonist
The four muscles that make up the rotator cuff are ________, __________, _________, __________.
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis, Teres minor.
The ________ is the primary muscle that extends the hip during the squat and modified deadlift.
Gluteus Maximus
The _________ serves to externally rotate the humerus.
Teres Minor
The _________ is commonly trained using the shrug exercise, but also assists with pulling movements.
Trapezius
____________ is an unnatural movement for the shoulder joint that often leads to injury.
Hyperflexion
The movement of the bone laterally or away from its natural anatomical position is termed ___________.
Abduction
The ______ is best trained when the knee is extended.
Gastrocnemius
The ________ is the prime mover in a calf exercise when the knee is flexed, such as in the seated calf raise.
Soleus
The prime mover in the upright row is the _______, as the movement is abduction in the frontal plane.
Deltoid.
The ________ is the primary muscle group involved in hip flexion.
Iliopsoas.
A point of articulation between to or more bones
Joint
Consists of two bones that are united by fibrous tissue and exhibit little or no movement
Fibrous Joints
Unite two bones by means of either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
Cartilaginous Joints
Contains synovial fluid and allows for considerable movement between articulating bones
Synovial Joints
A tough, elastic fibrous connective tissue found in various parts of the body, such as the joints, outer ear, and larynx.
Hyaline Cartilage
Cartilage that allows for greater movement capabilities due to its flexible nature.
Fibrocartilage
The dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones except at the joints and serving as an attachment for muscles and tendons.
Periosteum
Tough fibrous bands of connective tissue that supports internal organs and holds bones together properly in joints.
Ligament
A tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.
Tendon
Tiny fluid-filled sac that functions as a gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body
Bursa
Thickened connective tissue that envelops a muscle or a group of muscles.
Muscle Fascia
Threadlike fibers that make up the contractile part of a striated muscle fiber.
Myofibrils
Filaments made up of actin and myosin that are structural units of myofibril.
Myofilaments
Contractile protein in muscle cells responsible for the elastic and contractile properties of muscle.
Myosin
Protein found within the myofibril that functions with myosin to facilitate muscle contractions.
Actin
Transverse cartilaginous plate near the end of a child’s bone that is responsible for the lengthening growth of bone.
Epiphyseal plate
A reference posture used in anatomical description in which the subject stands erect with feet parallel and arms adducted and supinated, with palms facing forward.
Anatomical Position
Movement of the ball of the foot toward the shin
Dorsi flexion
Movement at the ankle used to raise the heel from the ground
Plantar flexion
Abduction
Movement away from the midline
Adduction
Movement toward the midline
A plate or ring of fibrocartilage attached to the joint capsule separating the articular surfaces of the bones
Articular discs
A sac enclosing a joint formed by an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane
Joint Capsule
The median line of the body that dissects the body into right and left halves
Midline
Placed before or in front
Anterior
Located behind a part or toward the rear of a structure
Posterior
Situated or extending away from the median plane of the body.
Lateral
To bend; in hinge joints the articulating bones move close together; in ball and socket joints the limb moves anterior from the midaxillary line.
Flexion
To bend; in hinge joints the articulating bones move away; in ball and socket joints the limb moves posterior from the midaxillary line.
Extension
Unique rotation of the forearm which crosses the radius and the ulna - the palm faces down when the arm is flexed or posterior when the arm is extended.
Pronation
Unique rotations of the forearm where the radius and ulna uncross - the palm faces up when the arm is flexed or anterior when the arm is extended
Supination
The axial skeleton consists of:
Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, rib cage
What are the three major classifications of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Give an example of a pivot joint
Neck
Give an example of a plane joint
Midcarpel
Hinge Joint example:
Knee
Condyloid Joint example
Wrist
Saddle Joint example
Thumb
Ball and Socket Joint example
Shoulder
What are the three movement planes?
Sagital, Frontal, Transverse
What are the five regions of the spine from top to bottom
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
What upper body muscle causes both shoulder extension and shoulder adduction?
Latissimus Dorsi
What muscle is used to initiate the seated row via scapular retraction?
Rhomboids
What are the primary hip extensor muscle groups for the following exercises?
- Squat
- Romanian deadlift
- Gluteals
2. Hamstrings
What knee muscle is also a hip flexor?
Rectus femoris
