NCLEX Flashcards
Diseases with too much aldosterone
Cushings (too much of all steroids), hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s)
too little aldosterone
Addisons- Need to ADD steroids- will go into FVD
ANP action
in response to atrial stretch (from vol excess) released to cause excretion of sodium and water
goes up with concentration and down in dilution
urine specific gravity, sodium and hematocrit
Anti diuretic hormone action (ADH)
causes retention of only water- think ADH-H20. ADH from pituitary in head- head injury or sx? increased ICP?
too much ADH
SIADH- too many letters, too much water! Na does not follow the water. retain water- FVE. urine concentrated (being retained) and blood dilute
too little ADH
DI= Diurese. Lose water, FVD, urine dilute and blood concentrated.
normal CVP
2-6 mmHg, or 5-10 cmH20
Fluid retention think
heart problems first. Watch the weight on all heart patients.
assessment or evaluation think
signs and symptoms
Bed rest induces
diureses- blood comes back to core- atrial stretch- ANP and reduction of ADH. Everything thinker- pulmonary secretions (pneumonia), blood (DVT), kidney stones- push fluids unless contraindicated. watch for crackles, edema, weight, BP, CVP
IVF slowly to
old, young, hx of heart or kidney problems
polyuria think
shock. loss of fluids from anywhere: thoracentesis, paracentesis, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, third spacing.
sxs FVD
decreased weight, BP, UO, skin turgor, dry membranes, increased respiratory rate, concentrated urine (increased specific gravity), cool and clay. SAFETY- risk for ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION, risk for falls and overload
isotonic fluids action
increases blood pressure, NS goes with blood products. DO NOT give to HTN, cardiac or renal d/s can cause FVE, HTN, or hypernatremia (ones with sodium)
types isotonic fluids (4)
NS, LR, D5W, D5 1/4 NS
hypotonic fluids action and types (3)
(hypO= Out of vessel) shifts into cells- rehydrates without causing HTN. For those with hx of HTN, cardiac or renal d/s, to dilute hypernatremia. D2.5W, 1/2 NS, 0.33%NS ALERT- watch for cellular edema/ too much fluid to cells can cause FVD in vascular space and decrease BP
hypertonic fluids action and types
(hypEr= Enter the vessel) Volume expanders
for hyponatremia or severe third spacing. ALERT- monitor for FVE- BP, pulse, CVP. D10Wm, 3 or 5%NS, D5LR, D5 1/2NS, D5 NS, TPN
2 types of cancer
solid tumors and hematologic malignancies
sarcoma
solid tumor in connective tissue- bones, cartilage, tendons
carcinoma
solid tumor in epithelial tissues- line organs- and skin! most common type of cancer
hematologic malignancy
originate from blood or lymphatic system- leukemia, lymphomas..
metastasis
ability to travel- can travel by direct invasion, through blood stream or through lymphatic system
cancer primary prevention
no smoking, exercise good nutrition, maintain normal weight, limit or eliminate alcohol, vaccine for viruses, avoid exposure to carcinogens