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Neurology and Neuroscience > NC Cells and Membrane Potentials > Flashcards

NC Cells and Membrane Potentials Flashcards

1
Q

What is the telencephalon?

A

the most highly developed and anterior part of the forebrain, consisting chiefly of the cerebral hemispheres.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Neurones?

A

Polymorphus
Non-dividing
Excitable - can change resting potential

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3
Q

What is the Soma? And what is it also known as?

A

Perikaryan - Cell body

Includes the nucleus and ribosomes as well as neurofilaments for structure and support

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4
Q

What types of neurones are there? (morphology)

A

Unipolar,
Pseudo-unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

Pyramidal cell, Purkinje cell, Golgi cell

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5
Q

What are the most abundant cells in the brain? ( 4 roles )

A

Astrocytes, used to for cell repair, synapse formation, neuronal muturation and plasticity

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6
Q

What are the differences between Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the CNS and Schwann in the PNS
Oligodendrocytes can myelinate a number of axons Schwann can only do a single axon segment

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7
Q

What are Microglia?

A

Act like macrophages as a part of CNS immune function

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8
Q

What are Ependyma?

A

Epithelial line vesicles full of fluid which regulate production and movement of cerebrospinal fluid.

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9
Q

What is the definition of Flux?

A

Number of molecules that cross unit area per unit time

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10
Q

How is electrochemical equilibrium reached?

A

The concentration gradient exactly balances electrical gradient.

  • Calcium ions have highest concentration gradient
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11
Q

What is the Equilibrium potential? (E)

A

The potential at which electrochemical equilibrium has been reached. It is the potential that prevents diffusion of the ion down its concentration gradient.

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12
Q

When membrane is uniquely selected for a particular ion in question what equation can be used to find the equilibrium potential?

A

Nernst Equation

E = RT/zF In X2/X1

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13
Q

How to calculate the Equilibrium potential through Nernst equation?

A

Use:

E = -61/ z * log ( X inside / X outside )

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14
Q

How to use the GHK equation and why do we use it?

A

Biological membrane permeability can change. This equation takes it into consideration.

E(mV) = -61 log Pk[K]i +PNa[Na]i + PCl[Cl]o / Pk[K]o +PNa[Na]o + PCl[Cl]i

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15
Q

What does overshoot mean?

A

Membrane potential becomes positive.

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16
Q

What can initiate or prevent action potentials?

A

graded potentials. Change in membrane potential is graded in response to strength of stimulation.

Graded potentials decrease down length of axon. If it reaches threshold Na+ channels will open

17
Q

What are the five stages of the action potential?

A 
Resting membrane potential
Depolarising stimulus
Upstroke ( sodium influx = towards sodium equilibrium)
Repolarisation
After-hyperpolarisation
18
Q

What is the difference in sodium gates at the start and end of repolarisation?

A

Activation gate is open but inactivation gate is closed.

At the end, both become closed = absolute refractory period

19
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

Can trigger AP as some Na+ gates have opened if stimulus is very strong. Occurs after hyper-polarisation

20
Q

What does the rate of degrading along an axon depend on? ( 3 )

A

Axon insulation, diameter and resistance.

21
Q

In which diseases can conduction velocity be affected?

A

Reduced myelination can occur in multiple sclerosis and diphtheria ( other reasons can be cold, anoxia, compression and drugs)

22
Q

Where are purkinje cell found?

A

GABA neurones found in cerebellum

23
Q

What are Golgi cells found?

A

GABA neurones found in cerebellum

24
Q

What is resting configuration?

A

Sodium ions enter vestibule and upon phosphorylation they are transported through protein

25
Q

What is Active configuration?

A

Sodium removed from cell, potassium ions enter vestibule

26
Q

What is an axodendritic synapse?

A

connection between presynaptic terminal and neuronal dendrite

27
Q

What is an axosomatic synpase?

A

Connection between presynapatic terminal and neuronal soma

28
Q

What is an Axoaxonic synapse?

A

Connection between presynaptic terminal and neuronal axon

29
Q

What time of communication occurs between nerve and effector cell?

A

Paracrine - NT release

30
Q

What is a miniature EPP?

A

Small change in end-plate potential when a quantal amount o ACh is released

31
Q

What is Myasthenia gravis ? MG

A

Autoimmune
Antibodies against ACh receptor
Cause fatigable weakness - more pronounced with repetitive use

32
Q

What is Lambert-Eaton Myastenic syndrome?

A

LEMS

Autoimmune
Antibodies directed against VGCC

Neurology and Neuroscience (21 decks)

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