NBME 17 Flashcards
how does fibromuscular displasia present
secondary HTN in a young female with a string of beads on a string appearence
what is the mechanism of caspofungin
inhibits the synthesis of beta-1-3-glucan in the fungal cell wall
how does compliance and residual volume change with normal aging
compliance increases (more stretchy bc less elastin) and therefore the residual volume increases
what is the common triad for presentation of a renal cell adenocarcinoma
hematuria, flank pain and a papable mass
describe schizoid personality disorder
(cluster A) voluntary social withdrawal, limited emotional expression, content with social isolation (distant)
what medication can be used to treat RA, UC and Crohns disease
Sulfasalazine - A combination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (anti-inflammatory)
what lung pathology causes increased tactile fremitus?
Consolidation (lobar pneumonia) indicates a denser or inflamed lung
which lung pathologies cause dullness to percussion
pleural effusion, atelectasis, and consolidation
which lung pathologies causes hyperresonances to percussion
simple pneumothorax and tension pneumothorax
what disorder causes skin blistering when exposed to sun light and defective heme synthesis? and what is the defective enzyme?
porphyria cutanea tarda, defect in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
what are the symptoms/ 5 P’s of acute intermittent porphyria
painful abdomen, Port wine colored urine, polyneuropathy, psychological disturbances, precipitated by drugs
how do you treat acute intermittent porphyria
heme and glucose (inhibit ALA synthase)
what is the odds ratio
the odds that the group with the disease was exposed to a risk factor divided by the odds that the group without the disease was exposed
what does the urogenital folds become in males and females
males- ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)
females- labia minora
what does the labioscrotal swelling become in males and females
males - scrotum
females - labia majora
where do Craniopharyngioma develop and what did it derive from
Rathkes pouch a diverticulum of the roof of the embryonic oral cavity, ectoderm
what type of drugs are ibutilide, dofetilide, and sotalol? what are common side effects
class III anti-arrhythmic (K+ channel blockers)
side effects include torsades de points (QT prolongation)
Amiodarone is also in this class
when does the neuropores fuse to form the neural tube
4th week of gestation
(in the embryonic period wks 3-8)
failure to fuse = neural tube defect
what metabolic disturbances can be cause by Salicylate poisioning
early = resp alkalosis late = metabolic acidosis
what is released when muscles are broken down? what is a serious potential complication?
myoglobin (could cause Acute tubular necrosis- nephrotoxic)
dysfunction of what nerve could cause constipation
pelvic splanchnic nerve
what are the functions of the pelvic splanchnic nerves
The nerves regulate the emptying of the urinary bladder, control opening and closing of the internal urethral sphincter, influence motility in the rectum as well as sexual functions like erection.
what are side effects of heparin
bleeding, thrombocytopenia (HIT, low platelets), osteoporosis
can use protamine sulfate for rapid reversal
