Nazi Policies towards the Jews, 1933 - 37 Flashcards
Why was Hitler reluctant and careful about anti semetic policies at the start of his rule ?
- Hitler did not have a majority support and only got into power due to various variable
- the influence of Hindenburg
When was the Boycott of Jewish shops ?
- 1st April 1933
Why did the Boycott of Jewish shops supposedly take place ?
- German and other Jews were supposedly criticising Nazi Germany in the press worldwide
Events of the Boycott of Jewish shops ?
=- SA stood outside Jewish businesses to intimidate and to discourage people from buying from Jewish shops. Jewish professionals were also targeted
How long did the Boycott of Jewish shops last for ?
- The boycott only lasted one day suggesting it was a failure
Successes of the boycott ?
- boycott made a big public impact and featured prominently in news coverage Germany and foreign countries
- some businesses died, people wouldn’t trade with or work for Jews which had an impact on their businesses
Failures of the boycott ?
- number of German citizens deifnalty used Jewish shops to show their disapproval of Nazi policies
- boycott coverage in foreign countries was not a success
- many businesses were half Jewish or half German in ownership which had a negative impact on the economy
What was the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service ?
- required Jews to be dismissed from the Civil Service
When was the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service ?
- April 1933
Limitations of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service ?
- no objective, scientific definition of who was racially Jewish according to physical characteristics or blood groups
- Under 1933 law, people were considered ‘ Non Aryan ‘ if either of their parents or either of their grandparents were Jewish
- President Hindenburg insisted on exemptions for German Jews who served in the First World War and those whose fathers had been killed
Impact of Hindenburg making exemptions for German Jews ?
- The exemptions amendment lessened the law’s impact because it applied to up to two thirds of Jews in the Civil Service
Impact of the Law for the Restoration of the Civil Service for Jews ?
- Massive economic and psychological impact on middle class Jews .
- Contributed to the increasing German levels of emigration . In 1937, 37,000 Jews left Germany
How many Jews emigrated after the Law for the Restoration of the Civil Service ?
- In 1937, 37,000 Jews left Germany
What was the further antisemetic legislation in 1933 ?
- Nazis continued to target other professionals
What other professional did the Nazis target ?
- The Legal Profession
- Doctors
- Education
- Schools and Universities
- The Press
Impact of legislation laws on lawyers ?
- Not too much of an impact as majority still kept their jobs
- 60 % were able to continue working
Impact of legislation laws on doctors ?
- Many Jews lost their livelihood as they could only treat Jews however some continued moral practice for several years after 1933
Impact of legislation laws on Jewish education ?
- Jewish children were excluded from their pupils whom were told their classmates were unworthy
- affected a whole generation
Impact of legislation laws on the press
- Jews had a prominent role in journalism and publishing
- Silenced the large number of Jewish journalists and editors, many of whom left the country
- instances of violence and intimidation
Why were Jews attacked through legislation ?
- As the public could not impact or successfuly oppose it
What year were the Nuremberg Laws ?
- 1935
What were the Nuremberg Laws ?
- Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour
- Reich Citizenship Laws
- Law for the Protection of the Genetic Health of the German People
What was the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour ?
- forbids mixed marriages and sex between Aryans and Jews
What was the Reich Citizenship Law ?
- Strips Jews of their German citizenship and rights
What was the Law for the Protection of the Genetic Health of the German People ?
- medical examination before marriage; certificate of fitness to marry
Impact of the Nuremberg Laws on Jews ?
-not citizens, separate from society
- inferior
crimes against Jews were unpunishable as they were not citizens
What was Anschluss ?
- union with Germany
When was Anschluss ?
- March 1938
Impact of Anschluss on Germany and Nazi leadership/ regime ?
- pursued their ‘ Autarky ‘
- made them more powerful
- allowed them to adopt more radical racial policies in the Greater Germany they had created
Impact of Anschluss on Jews ?
- 180,000 Jews were living in Austria
- All laws discriminating against Jews in Germany were now in force in Austria
- Over 45,000 Austrian Jews emigrated, 1500 were sent to concentration camps . Over 500 killed themselves
What was the Decree of Registration of Jewish Property ?
- confiscation of all Jewish owned property worth more than 5000 marks
Impact of the Decree of Registration of Jewish Property ?
- Aryanisation of Jewish property
- In April 1938, there were roughly 40,000 Jewish owned businesses in Germany; a year later only around 8000 had avoided being closed down or ‘ Aryanised ‘ .
Impact of further legislation banning Jews from work as travelling salesmen, security guards, travel agents and estate agents ?
- banned from commercial activities which increased unemployment
- Jews now had to rely on charities set up by the Jewish community such as the Central Institution for Jewish Economic Aid
What was Reichkristallnacht ?
- a pogrom ( violent attack ) against Jews
What did Reichkristallnacht include ?
- jewish homes vandalised and looted
- synagogues were set ablaze
- thousands of Jews arrested, beaten up or killed
Who was behind Reichkristallnacht ?
- orchestrated by Nazi leadership especially Goebbels
- the majority involved in the violence were SA and SS men who had been instructed not to wear uniform
What excuse did they use to justify the violence during Reichkristallnacht ?
- the murder of Ernst Vom Rath ( a minor German official ) who was killed by a young Polish Jew who was angry at the regime for the mistreatment of his parents
What was the result of the violence ? ( Statistics ) ?
- 91 Jews killed
- vandalism and destruction of synagogues and Jewish buildings
- 20,000 - 30,000 Jews in ‘ preventive detention ‘
What instructions were the police and firefights given during Reichkristallnacht ?
- Firefighters left synagogues burn
- Police allowed violence
German public reaction to Reichkristallnacht ?
- Many German people were horrified and saw it as terrible
What was the Decree for the Restoration of the Street ?
- prevented Jews from claiming insurance money
What type of persecution was Reichkristallnacht ?
- it was a violent persecution towards Jews
Timeline of Nazi policies towards Jews ?
1933 - Boycott of Jewish shops
- Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
- as well as further antisemitic legislation towards professionals
1935 - Nuremberg Laws
1938 - Reichkristallnacht
- Decree for the Registration of Jewish Property
