Nazi Germany 1890-1945 Flashcards
What year did Wilhelm become Kaiser?
1888
What did kaiser wilhem want and why?
wanted big navy because he was queen Victoria’s grandson
what happened in industrialisation?1913
by 1913, Germany was producing more iron and steel and as much coal as britain
What were the Naval laws and when?
Were to put out to compete with Britain’s navy.
1898,1900,1906,1912
What did working class citizens form and why
Trade unions
because poor conditions, wages low, food expensive.
Strikes
THREAT TO KAISER
What party did workers typically vote for
1 in 3 Germans
SPD(Social democratic party)
Socialism
THREAT TO KAISER
How did people rebel against the war
protests-1915,5000 women gather
1916,10000 workers gather
THREAT to kaiser
what was the famine in 1918 called
Turnip winter
What struggles were Germans facing during end of ww1
short of food
deadly flu
How many people died and how much did the war cost
7 million casualties
$1100 billion
who took kaisers place
Friedrich Ebert
who took kaisers place
Friedrich Ebert- wanted democracy
when and what was the Spartacist revolution
Jan 1919
Communists(Spartacists) attempted to take over Germany but was stopped by Freikorps
OPPOSITION TO WEIMAR!
When did Kapp putsch happen?
1920
Freikorps turned against Ebert(President) and supported Wolfgang Kapp
-It failed
OPPOSTION TO WEIMAR!
How many people were assassinated from Weimar between 1919 and 1923
over 200
because people disliked the new government
OPPOSITION TO WEIMAR!
What were the punishments of the Treaty of Versailles
- Blame- Germany were completely to blame Artlicle 23
- Reparations- £6.6billion
- Armed forces- reduced army to 100,000 and no army vehicles
What land did Germany have to give up because of the TOV
- Territory- lost all colonies
- forbidden to join with Austria
- France given Alsace-Lorraine
- Rhineland demilitarised
- Saarland taken by League of nations and profits given to France
- Poland given Polish corridor splitting Germany in half
What happened in the invasion of the Ruhr
1922 germany couldnt pay the reperation so France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr(industrial area) to take coal and profits
How did Germans react to invasion of the Ruhr
Weimar urged workers in ruhr to go on strike and not give in. But France and Belgium reacted with violence
How did hyperinflation start
1923 Weimar printed more money to support the strikers .
how much did bread cost in Nov 1923
210billion marks
people carried wages in wheelbarrowsa
When and what was the Munich Putsch
Nov 1923. Hitler used Germans frustration for Weimar to try and takeover.
600 Nazis seized a beer hall
What were the successes and failures from the Munich Putsch
successes-Hitler’s name was known all over Germany
Taught Hitler he had to change his strategy and go through the Reichstag for power
Failures- jailed
How did Stresemann solve hyperinflation
- Dawes plan 1924 meant America lent Germany money
- Introduces Rentenmark
How did Stresemann solve hyperinflation
- Dawes plan 1924 meant America lent Germany 800million marks
- Introduces Rentenmark
How long was Stresemann Germany’s Chancellor
1923-4
What was the young plan and when
1929 reduced reperations paymenst by 67%
When and what was great depression
1929- America’s economy collapsed and recalled germany’s loans
How did the great depression affect Germany
- unemployment peaked-6million
- people became homeless
- Weimar government raised taxes and cut wages
- violence began to break out
How many people did the Nazi party have in 1925 compared to 1928
1925-27,000 members
1928-100,000
however onyl 12 seats in 1928 election
Why did people vote for Nazis
Great depression
- Great depression caused serious unemployment(6million)
- Nazis promised “work and bread”
- appealed to workers who voted for communist or social parties
Why did people vote for Nazis
SA
- Weimar was disorganized and Nazis semmed organised with SA marches and smart uniforms
- SA were violent and beat up opposition to the Nazis like communists
Why did people vote for Nazis
Propaganda
- Goebbles made propaganda leader
- Nazis owned 120 daily or weekly newspapers read by many Germans
- Usually gave positive and uplifting messages about Nazis
- Hitler gave speeches and mass rallies
Why did people vote for Nazis
Hitler
Hitler made promises to the people
Promised to get justice for the Treaty of Versailles
Promised to give jobs
Hitler had a motivational charisma
What were all the election results for the Nazi party
1928-12 seats
1930-107 seats
July 1932- 230 seats(no majority)
Nov 1932 -196 seats
1933- 288 seats
Who did Hindenburg initially choose to be chancellor
Von Papen
but he found it difficult to run the country with little seats
Who was chancellor after Von papen
Von Schleicher
When did Hitler become chancellor
30th Jan 1933
When and what was the Reichstag fire
Feb 27th 1933
The Reichstag building was set on fire
Nazis arrested a communist(Marinus van der Lubbe)
How did Hitler use the Reichstag fire
persuaded Hindenburh to sign the “Decree for the Protection of the People and State” allowing large numbers of communists to be arrested
How did Hitler use the Reichstag fire
persuaded Hindenburh to sign the “Decree for the Protection of the People and State” allowing large numbers of communists to be arrested
How did Hitler get a Majority
formed a coalation with the Nationlist Party
When and why was the Enabling law passed
23rd March 1933
* Made it so:communists Party members couldnt vote
* Banned trade unions
* Put Nazis in charge of all state governments
* Used fear and intimidation to make sure people didnt challenge the Nazis
Why was the SA a threat to Hitler
Rohm(leader of SA) wanted to join SA with army
SA were getting to rowdy and undisaplined and making Nazis less popular
Rohm was getting too much power
When and what was the night of the long knives
30th June 1934 - Rohm and 400 leaders of SA were shot by SS
Hitler told public he protected them from a takeover
When did Hidenburg die
August 1934
allowed Hitler to have total control of Germany
How did Hitler create jobs
Public work programmes
Autobahns giving millions of men jobs
paid poorly
What was the RAD
Reich labour service
men aged 18-25 did manual labour for 6 months
paid pocket money and counted as employed
What was the DAF
German Labour Front
replaced trade unions and promised to protect workers rights and conditions
What was the three schemes of the DAF
- Beauty through labour(SDA)
- Strength through joy(KDF)
- Volkswagen(peoples car)
What was the SDA
Beauty through labour
improved conditions e.g. better lighting, safety equipment, low cost canteens, sports facilities
What was the KDF
organised leisure activities and reward schemes like cheap holidays and theatre or football trips
What was the German word for self-sufficiency
Autarky
Who was minister of economics in 1933
Schacht:
* he limited imports
* signed trade agreements
* unemplyment fell
* but still depended on foreign countries
Who replaced Schacht as minister of economics and what was his plan
Goerring -4 year plan :
* increased production of raw materials-coal,iron
* Reduced imports further
* Forced labor
* industrial plants
* Jobs in steel factories
(still failed to achieve autarky by 1939 and Germany still relied on 1/3 materials from foreign countries)
What was the unemployent rate in 1938
0.5 million
What was invisible unemployment
Women and Jews didnt count
How were farmers helped and why
30% of Germany was agriculture
Impotant for Autarky
Cut farmers taxes and Reich entailed Farm law so they couldnt be thrown off land
How did Hitler indoctrinate young people
Hitoler youth groups
Schools taught what Hitler wanted
Boys taught to be soldiers
Girls taught to be housewifes
How was Propaganda effective
- Presented Hitler as saviour
- Bonbarded people with information
- Glorified Nazis
- Hitlers speeches motivational
- Nazi censorship in newspapers
- rallies
- Olympic games-1936
How was terror tactics effective
- Concentration camps
- Gestapo-secret police, spied on Germans
- Legal system were Nazi members
- Children had to spy and report on parents
What was Hitlers idea of the “master race” called
Aryan
How did Hitler try to achieve a master race
- Selective breeding
- Destroying jews
What did Hitler call the group of people he thought were inferior
Untermensch
What groups were in Hitlers idea of inferior people
Homeless,homosexuals,black people,gypsies, JEWS
How did Hitler exterminate Jews
1933- SA organised boycotts on jewish shops and buisnesses
1934-Jews banned from public places
1935-Nuremburgh laws
1938-Kristallnacht
When and what were the Nuremburg laws
banned jews from amrrying or having sex with Germans
When and what was Kristallnacht
1938-severe attack on Jewish buisinesses,homes and synagogues killing 100 people
Why did Hitler want to control the church
Wanted German people to only be loyal to him
When did Hitler sign the concordat with Pope(Catholic church)
1933
How did Hitler reorganise the protestant church
1933- changed name to National Reich Church.
replaced Bible with Mein kampf
Which protestants opposed the nazis
Pastor Martin Niemoller set up the Pastors’s Emergency leaugue.
How did Hitler break his concordat with the Church
Closed down youth church schools and then sent 400 Catholic Priests to concentration camps
What was the name for the tactics which brought Germany success in ww2
Blitzkrieg tactics
When was rationing first introduced and was it entirely bad
1939
No it meant 2 out of 5 Germans ate healthier diets
When were women needed again back in the industry
1939
6.2 million women were working but reluctant
When did Germany experience major bombing raids and where
1942
Major cities e.g.Dresden
How many civiolians killed
3.5 million
When were the Volksturm set up and were they useful
1944
Were made up of people not fit enough for war and lacked experience
What were Ghettos
During war Jews rounded up and put in isolated parts of cities ready to be transported.
Very bad conditions and many died from cold, hunger and disease
How many Jews died in the Warsaw Ghetto
55,000
What were the murder squads established to kill Jews
Einsatzgruppen
When and what was the Final Solution
1941
Built 6 death camps in Poland to work and gas Jews
How many Jews were worked to death or gassed
6 million
Who were the Edelweiss Pirates
- Working class
- Beat up Hitler Youth
- Distributed leaflets
- Gestapo caught and hanged a group og them
Who were the Swing Youth
- Middle class
- Listened to jazz and went clubbing
- Nazis closed down their bars
Who were the White Rose
- Started by students Han and Sophie and Professor Kurt Huber
- Spread anit Nazi leaflets
- Hanged by Gestapo
How did the Church oppose
- Protestants set up anti church(Condessional Church)
- Protestant Pastors Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Marin Niemoller spoke against Nazis
How did Army oppose Nazis
- Officers became critical of Hitler as war got bad
- Failed two assasination attempts in 1943
When and what was the July bomb plot
- 20th July 1944
- Count von Stauffenberg attemped to assasinate Hitler
- It failed and killed 4 people but only left Hitler with small injuries
- Hitler executed 5746 people as a consequence
When did Soviets gain back countries Germany conquered
1945
When did Soviets gain back countries Germany conquered
1945
When did Soviets gain back countries Germany conquered
1945
When did Soviets gain back countries Germany conquered
1945
When did Soviets gain back countries Germany conquered
1945
When did Hitler commit suicide
30th April 1945
What was decided at the Yalta conference Feb 1945
- The allied leaders met to discuss what to do with Germany after the war.
- They decided to divide Germany into 4 zones (US, British, French and Soviet).
- They decided to divide Berlin into 4 zones too.
- To hunt down and try Nazi war criminals in an international court of justice.
