NAWL Flashcards
Aersol
a mixture of particles (= extremely small pieces of matter) and the liquid or gas that they are contained in, that can spread through the air:
The virus is spread primarily by aerosols, so that could be by sneezing, coughing, or even talking.
Aerosols are one type of air pollution - the tiny particles suspended everywhere in our atmosphere.
aesthetic
relating to the enjoyment or study of beauty:
The new building has little aesthetic value/appeal.
affirm
to state something as true:
The suspect affirmed (that) he had been at home all evening.
She affirmed her intention to apply for the post.
altitude
height above sea level:
We are currently flying at an altitude of 15,000 metres.
Mountain climbers use oxygen when they reach higher altitudes.
amplitude
a large amount or wide range:
The amplitude of a water wave would be the distance between the top of a wave and the surface of the water at rest
antibody
Antibodies are protective proteins produced by your immune system.
array
a large group of things or people, especially one that is attractive or causes admiration or has been positioned in a particular way:
There was a splendid array of food on the table.
They sat before an array of microphones and cameras.
artifact
an object, such as a tool, that was made in the past:
The museum has artifacts dating back to prehistoric times.
articulate
able to express thoughts and feelings easily and clearly, or showing this quality:
an intelligent and highly articulate young woman
She gave a witty, entertaining, and articulate speech.
assert
to behave in a way that expresses your confidence, importance, or power and earns you respect from others:
I really must assert myself more in meetings.
She asserted that she would finish her homework before dinner.
Audit
An audit is a thorough examination of financial records or systems to ensure accuracy, compliance, and reliability.
eks: An auditor reviews a company’s financial statements and supporting documents, such as invoices and receipts, to verify that they accurately represent the company’s financial position and performance
Axiom
a statement or principle that is generally accepted to be true, but need not be so:
It is a widely held axiom that governments should not negotiate with terrorists.
bargain
an agreement between two or more people or groups as to what each will do for the other.
“bargains between political parties supporting the government”
barrel
a large container, made of wood, metal, or plastic, with a flat top and bottom and curved sides that make it fatter in the middle:
They drank a whole barrel of beer (= the contents of a barrel) at the party.
basin
an open, round container shaped like a bowl with sloping sides, used for holding food or liquid:
a pudding basin
beam
a line of light that shines from a bright object:
We could just pick out the trail in the weak beam of the flashlight.
bilingual
able to use two languages equally well:
They are raising bilingual children.
He is bilingual in Mandarin and English.
binary
using a system of numbers that uses only 0 and 1:
Computers store all data in binary code.
relating to or consisting of two things, in which everything is either one thing or the other:
It’s a binary choice, you either accept or you refuse.
bound
certain or extremely likely to happen:
You’re bound to forget people’s names occasionally.
brackets
parentes
bundle
a number of things that have been fastened or are held together:
a bundle of clothes/newspapers/books
a bundle of sticks
capillary
the smallest of the tubes that carry blood around the body
cattle
a group of animals that includes cows, buffalo, and bison, that are often kept for their milk or meat:
beef/dairy cattle
clay
thick, heavy soil that is soft when wet, and hard when dry or baked, used for making bricks and containers
clip
a small object usually made of metal or plastic, used for fastening things together or holding them in position:
a paper/hair/tie clip
The wires were fastened together with a plastic clip.
coefficient
A coefficient is also a number that is used to measure the characteristics of a substance.
The coefficient of friction is a measure of how easily one object slides across the surface of another, calculated by the force that is being used and the amount of friction.
comply
to act according to an order, set of rules, or request:
He’s been ordered to have the dog destroyed because it’s dangerous, but he refuses to comply.
composer
a person who writes music
conception
an idea of what something or someone is like, or a basic understanding of a situation or a principle:
People from different cultures have different conceptions of the world.
conceptual
based on ideas or principles:
“The artist’s work is highly conceptual, focusing more on the ideas and themes behind the pieces rather than their physical form.”
cone
kjegle
configuration
the particular arrangement or pattern of a group of related things:
We tried the furniture in different configurations to see which fit best.
confound
to confuse and very much surprise someone, so that they are unable to explain or deal with a situation:
A man has confounded doctors by recovering after he was officially declared dead.
congruent
similar to or in agreement with something, so that the two things can both exist or can be combined without problems:
Our goals are congruent; there is no conflict.
We need the freedom to direct funds in a way that is congruent with local priorities.
conserve
to keep and protect something from damage, change, or waste:
To conserve electricity, we are cutting down on our heating.
He rested all morning, conserving his strength for the competition in the afternoon.
contour
the shape of a mass of land or other object, especially its curved surface or the curved shape formed by its outer edge:
the rugged contour of the coast
to change the shape of a surface, making some parts higher and some parts lower:
One option is to contour the bottom of the lake, making it deep in the middle and shallow at the edges.
converge
If lines, roads, or paths converge, they move towards the same point where they join or meet:
The paths all converge at the main gate of the park.
cord
ledning
corpus
a collection of written texts, by a particular author or texts on a particular subject.
“the Darwinian corpus”
crude
simple and not skilfully done or made:
a crude device/weapon
decay
to become gradually damaged, worse, or less; to cause something to do this:
Sugar makes your teeth decay.
deceive
Scam- to persuade someone that something false is the truth, or to keep the truth hidden from someone for your own advantage:
The company deceived customers by selling old computers as new ones.
defect
a fault or problem in something or someone that spoils that thing or person or causes it, him, or her not to work correctly:
All the company’s aircraft have been grounded, after a defect in the engine cooling system was discovered.
deficiency
A lack or shortage- the state of not having, or not having enough, of something that is needed:
Pregnant women often suffer from iron deficiency.
definite
fixed, certain, or clear:
The date for the meeting is now definite: 5 March .
She has very definite opinions.
We need a definite answer by tomorrow.
deflection
a change of direction after hitting something:
The second goal was from a deflection off the Liverpool defender.
degrade
loose respect- to cause people to feel that they or other people have no value and do not have the respect or good opinion of others:
Pornography degrades women.
delta
an area of low, flat land, sometimes shaped like a triangle, where a river divides into several smaller rivers before flowing into the sea:
the Mississippi delta
the delta of the Nile
denominator
the number below the line in a fraction:
In the fraction ¾, 4 is the denominator.
dense
thick- having parts that are close together so that it is difficult to go or see through:
dense fog
depict
to represent or show something in a picture or story:
Her paintings depict the lives of ordinary people in the last century.
derivative
Unoriginal, copied- If something is derivative, it is not the result of new ideas, but has been developed from or copies something else:
His painting/style is very derivative.
descendant
a person who is related to you and who lives after you, such as your child or grandchild:
He has no descendants.
diffusion
the action of spreading in many directions:
Powerful global institutions drive the diffusion of new technologies.
Modern communications make the diffusion of ideas extremely rapid.
dilute
to make a liquid weaker by mixing in something else:
Dilute the juice (with water) before you drink it.
to reduce the strength of a feeling, action, etc.:
These measures are designed to dilute public fears about the product’s safety.
dioxide
a chemical substance consisting of two atoms of oxygen combined with one atom of another element:
carbon/sulphur dioxide
discharged
to allow someone officially to leave somewhere, especially a hospital or a law court:
More than half of all prisoners discharged are reconvicted within two years.
discourse
written or spoken communication or debate.
“the language of political discourse”
drain
If you drain something, you remove the liquid from it, usually by pouring it away or allowing it to flow away, and if something drains, liquid flows away or out of it:
Drain the pasta thoroughly.
We drained the pond and filled it with fresh water.
dissolve
(of a solid) to be absorbed by a liquid, especially when mixed, or (of a liquid) to absorb a solid:
Dissolve two spoons of powder in warm water.
Nitric acid will dissolve most animal tissue.
to end an official organization or a legal arrangement:
Parliament has been dissolved.
Their marriage was dissolved in 1968.
drift
to move slowly, especially as a result of outside forces, with no control over direction:
dye
to change the colour of something using a special liquid:
For a change, why not dye your T-shirts?
elevate
to raise something or lift something up:
The platform was elevated by means of hydraulic legs.
embeded
fixed into the surface of something:
The thorn was embedded in her thumb.
emission - emit
an amount of gas, heat, light, etc. that is sent out:
He uses a night observation device that picks up heat emissions.
encode
to change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way:
Many satellite broadcasts are encoded so that they can only be received by people who have paid to see them.
entrant
a person who becomes a member of a group or organization:
new entrants to the school/company
equivalence
the fact of having the same amount, value, purpose, qualities, etc.:
There’s a general equivalence between the two concepts.
I don’t see any moral equivalence between the two sides.
exponential
An exponential rate of increase becomes quicker and quicker as the thing that increases becomes larger:
We are looking for exponential growth in our investment.
There has been an exponential increase in the world population this century.
facet
one part of something that has many parts:
She has so many facets to her personality.
fatigue
extreme tiredness:
She was suffering from fatigue.
fertility
(of animals and plants) the quality of being able to produce young or fruit:
a fertility symbol
declining fertility rates
fetal
relating to a fetus (= a young human being or animal before birth):
fetal abnormalities
fetal stages of development
flux
continuous change:
in a state of flux Our plans are in a state of flux at the moment.
a flowing movement of something such as particles (= extremely small pieces of matter):
Atmospheric circulation is affected by the flux of heat, moisture, and carbon dioxide from the snow surface.
fraction
a small part of something, or a small amount:
Although sexual and violent crimes have increased by 13 percent, they remain only a small fraction of the total number of crimes committed each year.
fracture
If something hard, such as a bone, fractures, or is fractured, it breaks or cracks:
She fractured her skull in the accident.
Two of her ribs fractured when she was thrown from her horse.
fringe
the outer part of an area:
the southern fringe of the city
the outer fringes of the prairie
a part of a group that is not very powerful, or is more extreme than the main group, and does not include many of its members :
the radical fringes of the party
fungus
any of various types of organisms that get their food from decaying material or other living things:
Mushrooms and mould are fungi.
Fungus can be poisonous.
fusion
an occasion when two or more things join or are combined:
nuclear fusion
Their music is described as “an explosive fusion of Latin American and modern jazz rhythms”.
gauge
to calculate an amount, especially by using a measuring device:
Use a thermometer to gauge the temperature.
I tried to gauge (= guess) the weight of the box.
gradient
how steep a slope is:
a steep/gentle gradient
grid
nett
gross
(in) total:
gross income A person’s gross income is the money they earn before tax is deducted from it.
harvest
to pick and collect crops, or to collect plants, animals, or fish as food:
In the US, winter wheat is harvested in the early summer.
By the end of the year, growers in the state will have harvested 1.8 million barrels of fruit.
hawk
to sell goods informally in public places:
On every street corner there were traders hawking their wares.
a person who strongly supports the use of force in political relationships rather than discussion or other more peaceful solutions
hedge
a way of protecting, controlling, or limiting something:
hedge against She’d made some overseas investments as a hedge against rising inflation in this country.
