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History Empire > Navy > Flashcards

Navy Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the benefit of the Royal Navy’s long line tactic?

A
  • Sustained bombardment
  • Avoided friendly fire
  • Reduced the exposure of vulnerable bows/sterns except the first and last ship in the line
  • Improved speed and communication from the admirals ship to the fleet
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2
Q

When was the Battle Of Trafalgar and how did the British win?

A
  • 1805
  • British Fleet vs French/Spanish Fleet
  • Lord Nelson used the long line tactic
  • Adopted a hyper-aggressive tactic, breaking the enemy line and engaging at close range
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3
Q

Give informations about the first and second rate ships of the line
Give an example

A
  • 80-120 cannon, used as flagships for Admirals
  • Strongest in terms of firepower but less manoeuvrable due to being top heavy from the number of guns, relatively few were built
  • HMS Victory built 1765
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4
Q

Give informations about third rate ships of the line

A
  • 64-80 cannon
  • 80% of the fleet by 1814
  • 500 man crew
  • Less effective out of combat
  • Dangerous to sail near the shore due to lack of manoeuvrability
  • Too slow to catch smaller ships so unfit for patrolling or escorting
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5
Q

Give information about sixth rate ships of the line aka Frigates
Give an example

A
  • Shorter than other ships on the line
  • Single gun deck so faster and more manoeuvrable
  • Other than in Battle would operate individually or in small squadrons
  • Control coastline, escorting, chasing pirates
  • Eg Speedy
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6
Q

Give informations about Hybrid Sail Steamers

Give an example

A
  • Used in rivers or canals like the Suez Canal to tow warships
  • Used because there’s less wind in river systems so don’t need the sails or paddles as a steamer
  • In Opium War has guns put on them to beat Chinese junk ships
  • Eg Nemesis
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7
Q

Give information about Steam battleships

Give an example

A
  • Can reach 14 knots without wind
  • First ones built in Britain 1843 and France 1845
  • Allowed movement in any direction without relying on favourable wind
  • Eg Napoleon
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8
Q

Give information about Ironclad battleships

Give an example

A
  • Iron plates used as armour
  • Used in American Civil War by 1862 to demonstrate their power
  • Eg La Gloire, HMS Warrior
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9
Q

Give information about mastless battleships

Give an example

A
  • By 1873 sails were abandoned
  • 87 metres long, armed with two 35 ton guns and protected by hull armour 250-300mm thick
  • End Of Age Of Sail meant Ports were vital for ships to ‘refuel’
  • Eg HMS Devastation
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10
Q

Give informations about Dreadnoughts

A
  • Built In 1906
  • Powerful ship made all other battleships irrelevant
  • Made other powers want to catch up now only being 1 ship away
  • Age Of Steam meant technical superiority was more important than crew skill (something Britain was renowned for)
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11
Q

What was the Two Power Standard?

A

The idea that the Royal Navy should be as strong as the previous two strongest navies combined

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12
Q

What was the Blue Water Policy?

A
  • Merchant ships and Royal Navy ships were seen as mutually sustainable
  • Navy was founded upon its continual need for skilled sailors that merchants could supply
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13
Q

What was impressment and why was it needed?

A
  • The favourable recruitment of sailors into the Navy
  • Merchants roamed British Ports offering gold, getting sailors drunk or kidnapping them
  • They had the power to stop a civilian ship and take some of the workers
  • Needed skilled labourers
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14
Q

How did the role of the Royal Navy change with free trade?

A
  • Under the Navigation Acts Of 1660’s they mandated the trade between Britain and its colonies, following the rules
  • Under free trade guaranteed Britain’s Empire thrives by exchanging protection for manpower from British merchants
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15
Q

What did Thomas Clarkson argue about the slave trade?

A
  • It should be abolished as was causing British sailors deaths
  • In 1788 showed that of 5,000 men who left Britain on slave voyages only 2,329 returned
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16
Q

Why did the Navy initially need the slave trade to continue?

A
  • Due to Scurvy many sailors died and so Navy was always in need of new men
  • Slave trade meant more trade for merchant ships who would provide men for the Navy as long as they had protection
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17
Q

How did Britain continue to help the transatlantic slave trade?

A
  • In 1808 a new squadron was created

* But only 2 ships were dispatched to patrol 5,000 km of West African Coastline

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18
Q

What was meant by Pax Britannia?

A

Peace through Conquest

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19
Q

Who were the Beys?

A
  • Pirates were well armed, had captured shipping and 1 million Europeans between 1500-1800 who were sold as slaves in North Africa
  • The rulers of the Barbary States (the Beys) grew rich from their 10% shares in this activity
20
Q

How did Powers responded to the Beys prior to the attack on Algiers?

A
  • Britain/France could intimidate them to leave their ships alone
  • America paid 1 million in random in 1795 and 900 Sardinians were taken a slaves in a single raid in 1798
  • Britain received criticism from their lack of dealing with the Beys raids
21
Q

What was the attack on Algiers?

A
  • Lord Edmonton sent to secure treaties with the Beys to stop raids on Europeans
  • Shortly after the Beys massacred 200 captures men who were under British protection
  • Exmouth returned with a larger fleet and bombarded Algiers sinking 40 ships
22
Q

When was the attack on Algiers and what was its significance?

A
  • 1816
  • The Beys paid back £80,000 in ransom money and freed 3,000 slaves
  • It showed Britain would protect commercial interests of other nations which was important for the future of free trade
23
Q

What was the Scilly Naval Disaster?

A
  • 1707

* 4 warships and 1,550 men were lost due to a navigation error

24
Q

What was significant about Quiberon Bay?

A

Admiral Hawke won a Battle here in 1759

25
Q

How many ships were lost between 1803 and 1815?

A
  • 223 of the 317 Royal Navy ships at the time

* Lost on dangerous coastline or sank at sea

26
Q

Why were Cooks voyages important?

A
  • Showed it was possible to have an expedition at sea for 3 years without losing unacceptable number of men to disease
  • Proved effectiveness of new technology for making accurate charts
  • Established a British claim to new lands in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific
27
Q

What was the motivation for exploration?

A
  • Proud to beat other European Powers in discovering land
  • King George’s orders
  • Proving the improvement of mapping and exploration techniques
  • There’s honour in finding new territories
28
Q

Timeline of Royal Navy

A
  • 1768-1771 Cooks exploration of Pacific
  • 1805 Battle Of Trafalgar
  • 1816 Pax Britannia/Attack on Algiers
  • 1819 Acquisition Of Singapore/Gunboat Diplomacy
  • 1842 Acquisition Of Hong Kong
  • 1889 Naval Defence Act
  • 1906 Dreadnought created
29
Q

What is the background of Aden?

A
  • After Napoleons invasion of Egypt in 1798 a British fleet docked in Aden
  • There was little trade in the Red Sea, so most politicians had no further interest in the area other than suppressing piracy
  • Some Government ministers and EIC officials thought a British base was necessary to prevent another French advance through Egypt
30
Q

What was the growing importance of Aden?

A
  • British search for a coaling station started in 1829
  • Grant (Governor of Bombay 1834-1838) felt that armed ships steaming regularly between Bombay and Suez would secure British interests in the region
  • Commander Haines suggested to Grant, Aden should be occupied as the Sultan was little better than a pirate
31
Q

When and how was Aden occupied?

A
  • Haines met with the Sultan but negotiations deteriorated so Grant was encouraged to seize Aden
  • Grant died in 1838, but with permission Haines was sent to Aden with two Frigates and 700 men
  • Haines captures the port in 1839
32
Q

What happened after Aden was occupied?

A
  • Haines had no allies and a little budget to run Aden
  • Haines ran up a deficit of £28,000 before being recalled to Bombay and tried for fraud in 1854
  • He was acquitted and after the Suez Canal opened Aden became a boom town as it sat on the trade route from India to Europe
33
Q

Background to the acquisition of Cyprus

A
  • Disraeli aimed to limit Russian expansion by supporting powers bordering Russia
  • After the Russo-Turkish War broke out in 1877 the Russians defeated the Ottoman army and would’ve had access to the Mediterranean and interfere with British shipping
  • Disraeli got the government to approve £6 million to prepare army and navy for war
34
Q

When and how did Britain secure Cyprus?

A
  • After the Ottomans surrendered to the Russians in 1878 they had most the Balkans
  • Disraeli allied with Germany and threatened Russia with war
  • Disraeli secured Cyprus as a base for the Navy to monitor Russian expansion and to protect the Suez Canal (which Disraeli had bought into)
  • At the Cyprus Convention in 1878 the Ottomans leased Cyprus to Britain for £92,000 annually
35
Q

What happened after the acquisition of Cyprus?

A
  • The money Britain had to pay the Ottoman Empire was raised by taxing the inhabitants and sent to London to pay debts from the Crimean War 25 years earlier the Ottomans owed Britain
  • Acquisition was seen as a diplomatic coup and Disraeli followed with annexation of the Transvaal in 1877, invasion of Afghanistan in 1878 and conquest of Zululand in 1879 but were costly in money/lives
  • Gladstone defeated Disraeli in the 1880 election
36
Q

What was significant about the acquisition of Cyprus?

A

-Showed Britain would acquire colonies simply to stop territorial ambitions of other powers

37
Q

What was Gladstone’s view on expansion after winning the 1880 election?

A
  • At a time when most European Powers were entering an expansionist phase Gladstone wanted to reduce Britain’s overseas involvement
  • In 1884 Gladstone is criticised for reducing government spending on the Royal Navy
  • Gladstone is forced to resign after Britain’s defeat in Sudan in 1885
38
Q

What was Lord Salisbury’s view on expansion following his takeover from Gladstone?

A
  • Pursued imperialistic policies and wanted to expand British territories in Africa
  • By 1889 there was huge spending on the Royal Navy
39
Q

When was the acquisition of Gibraltar and why was it significant?

A
  • 1783
  • Strategic port to get into the Mediterranean
  • Strait of Gibraltar used as a control method
  • Nelson used Gibraltar to resupply his fleet before the Battle of a Trafalgar
40
Q

What happened in Gibraltar previous to 1783?

A
  • Britain captured Gibraltar from Spain in 1704
  • During the American War for Independence it was vulnerable and was blockaded by the French and Spanish fleet in 1779
  • Scurvy broke out during the siege
  • In 1782 the forces mounted a major assault on Gibraltar but Britain held out until 1783 and the war was over
41
Q

When was the acquisition of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and why was it significant?

A
  • 1815
  • One of the only sources of cinnamon
  • Strategic island off India
  • There was fragile peace between Britain and Kandy (King of Sri Lanka) until 1815 when he was captured by Governor Brownrigg
42
Q

What happened in Ceylon prior to 1815?

A
  • Was a Dutch Colony
  • After France conquered Netherlands in 1794 the royal family fled to England where the British pressured Dutch to surrender their colonies over for British ‘protection’
  • The surrender in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens gave Britain £300,000 in goods as well as cinnamon plantations
43
Q

When was the acquisition of Cape Town and why was it significant?

A
  • 1814
  • Strategic to get round Africa, cheaper than using the Suez Canal
  • Prevent enemy ships from sailing between the Indian and Atlantic oceans
44
Q

What happened in Cape Town prior to 1814?

A
  • Dutch colony that Britain occupied after Dutch defeat to French until 1802 when it was given back to the Dutch
  • In 1806 war with France broke out so Britain reoccupied Cape Town to prevent French take over
  • Britain stayed as a permanent presence until it was formalised in a treaty in 1814
45
Q

When was the acquisition of Malta and why was it significant?

A
  • 1813
  • Centre of Mediterranean
  • Deep water port
  • Became more successful after Suez Canal was opened
46
Q

What happened in Malta prior to 1813?

A
  • Napoleon captured Malta in 1798
  • Local population asked British for help
  • Nelsinho blockaded Valletta in 1799 and the French surrendered in 1800
  • Britain agreed to leave in the temporary peace of 1802 but returned in 1803 when war returned
  • Became a colony in 1813
47
Q

When was the acquisition of the Falklands and why was it significant?

A
  • 1833
  • Britain previously established a settlement here in 1766 but left during War for Independence
  • Sent a single ship to reassert British sovereignty over the Falklands in 1833

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