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Master/ Mate 25 - 100 GRT > Navigation > Flashcards

Navigation Flashcards

1
Q

When speaking of degrees in giving course or heading, always use

A

three digits

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2
Q

Directions on the charts are in both

A

true degrees and magnetic degrees

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3
Q

True direction uses the ______ ______ ____ as a reference point.

A

geographic North Pole

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4
Q

Magnetic direction uses the ____ ____ ___ as the reference point

A

Magnetic north pole

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5
Q

The difference between the true and magnetic direction is called

A

variation

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6
Q

Directions steered on the compass are either

A

true degrees or magnetic degrees

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7
Q

The direction of vessel, land mass or landmark in a 360 degree circle in reference to the vessel’s bow are

A

relative bearings whereas true and magnetic use true or magnetic north as the reference. For example 000 degrees if “dead ahead” and 090 degrees if off the starboard beam, 180 degrees is directly astern and 270 degrees if off the port beam

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8
Q

The sum of there errors ( variation and deviation) that precent a magnetic compass from reading true north are called

A

compass error

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9
Q

Variation varies according to

A

geographic location

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10
Q

The variation for any geographic location can be dound

A

near the center of the compass rose nearest to the area of operation on the nautical chart of the area

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11
Q

Increases in variation may continue for many years, sometimes reaching large values, and then

A

decrease again

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12
Q

Determine the mouth of variation

A

Find the compass rose nearest to your location
Locate the variation and annual increase/decrease from the compass rose and the year observed
Subtract the year indicated in the compass rose from the present year
Multiply the number of years difference by the annual increase or decrease and round to the nearest whole degree
Add or subtract the amount of change to the variation printed in the compass rose

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13
Q

The magnetic compass error caused by magnetic influences on the vessel is call

A

deviation

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14
Q

Sources of compass deviation include

A

Metal objects around the compass
electrical motors and electronic equiment
The vessel itself

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15
Q

Deviation is measured in

A

degrees and will be either east or west of what the actual magnetic heading should be

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16
Q

The amount of deviation is determined by

A

swinging ship

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17
Q

on board a ship, the deviation is recorded on a

A

deviation table and posted near the compass

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18
Q

The deviation table lists deviation for every

A

15 degrees of the compass

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19
Q

Deviation can also be determined by

A

running a range, which is a line of bearing made by any two fixed landmarks on a nautical chart. Coast Guard navigation ranges which typically mark the center of a channel are excellent for this purpose

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20
Q

And aid to navigations is

A

any device external to a vessel or aircraft intended to assist a navigator to ermine position or safe course or to warn of dangers or obstructions to navigations

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21
Q

On seacoasts, lateral aids conform to the

A

conventional direction of buoy age, which is clockwise direction around the coastline from north to south on the Atlantic coast and south ton other and then west in the Gulf of Mexico and south ton other on the Pacific Coast

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22
Q

Lateral aides found at junctions of navigable channels and often mark wrecks or obstructions

A

Preferred Channel Marks

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23
Q

____ _____ ____ band indicates the side of the preferred channel on Preferred Channels Marks usually the “main” channels when entering from seaward.

A

The top color

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24
Q

If a Preferred Channel Mark is lighted, the light color will be

A

the same as the color of the top band.

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25
Q

Preferred channel buoys may be _____ but not _____.

A

Letters but not numbered

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26
Q

These aid are used to mark fairways, mid-channels, and offshore approach point and have unobstructed water on all side. They can also be used by a vessels operator transiting offshore waters to identify the proximity of intended landfall.

A

Safe Water Marks

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27
Q

Safe water marks may have a _____ topmark

A

red

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28
Q

These aids indicate an isolated danger which may be passed on all sides

A

Isolated Danger Marks. They are erected on or moored on or near diners and should not be approached closely without special caution.

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29
Q

This aide is a Pair of aids to nivation which when lined up Wirth eat other, mark a channel center line.

A

Ranges or Range Loghts

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30
Q

Special Marks (Yellow) are not intended to assist in navigation, but rather to alert the mariner to a special feature or area such as

A

Spoil areas
Pipelines
Traffic Separation Schemes
Jetties

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31
Q

Which marks have orange geometric shapes agains a white backgrou

A

Information and regulatory marks.

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32
Q

The meaning associate with the orange shapes are

A

Open-face diamond signifies danger
vertical diamond shape having a cross center within indicates vessel are excluded
circular shapes indicated that certain operating restrictions are in effec

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33
Q

A watch circle is defined by

A

mooring lengths and buoys can be expected to move within this circle. Actual watch circles do not coincide with the symbols representing them on charts.

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34
Q

Mariners should never rely on

A

buoys alone to determine positition

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35
Q

aids to navigation which are permanently fixed to the earth’s surface are

A

Beacons

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36
Q

Beacons include

A

large lighthouses to small single-pile structures and may be located on land or in the water.

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37
Q

Lighted beacons are called

A

lights

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38
Q

unlighted beacons are called

A

daybeacons

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39
Q

beacons exhibit a

A

day marks. These are color geometric shapes which make an aid to navigation readily visible and identifiable agains background conditions

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40
Q

a lighthouse’s day make can be

A

the structure itself.

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41
Q

These daymares have no ____ significance

A

lateral

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42
Q

What has a considerable effect on the distance which lights can be seen

A

The condition of the atmosphere including fog, have, dust, smoke or precipitation

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43
Q

What can cause a light to be seen further away than under ordinary circumstances

A

Atmospheric refraction

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44
Q

The glow os a powerful light is called

A

loom

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45
Q

What can reduce the distance at which buoy lights are detected

A

buoy motion

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46
Q

What in general, are used to make shoals or to warn the mariner of other obstructions to navigator or of nearby land

A

red sectors

47
Q

Only aids with lateral significance have

A

green or red lights

48
Q

___ lights on aid to navigation mark ports sides of channels and locations of wreck or obstructions that must be passed by keeping these lighted aids to navigation on the port hand of a vessl

A

Green lights

49
Q

What colored lights are used on aids to navigation marking starboard side of channels and locations of wrecks or obstructions that must be passed by keeping these lighted aids to navigation on the starboard and os a vessel. The same color lights are also used on preferred channel maps where the the preferred channel is to port

A

Red lights

50
Q

Dhow are light rhythms laterally significant

A

they aren’t

51
Q

Red or green flashing lights less than 30 flashes per might will

A

make the side of a channel

52
Q

A yellow flashing light indicates

A

a special mark

53
Q

Preferred channel marks exhibit a

A

composite grou-flashing (2+1) light rhythm of two flashes followed by a single flash

54
Q

Safe water mark lights she a

A

white Morse code “A” rhythm (a short flash followed by a long flash)

55
Q

Safe water marks are used to mark

A

fairways, mid-channels and offshore approach points and have unobstructed water on all sides.

56
Q

Isolated danger mark lights show

A

a white flashing (2) rhythm (two flashes repeated regularly)

57
Q

A quick flashing light flashes

A

more than 60 flashes per minute

58
Q

A quick flashing light indicates

A

a distinct cautionary significance such as sharp turns, sudden channel constrictions, wrecks or obstructions

59
Q

All solid red and solid greenaids to navigation are

A

numbers

60
Q

red aids to navigation have

A

even numbers

61
Q

green aids to navigation have

A

odd numbers

62
Q

the numbers on solid red and solid green aids to navigation increase from

A

seaward, proceeding in the conventional direction of buoyage

63
Q

Letters will increase in alphabetical order from seaward,

A

proceeding in the conventional direction of buoy age and are added to numbers as suffixes

64
Q

Preferred channel, safe water, isolated danger, special marks, and information and regulatory aids to navigation may be but not numbered.

A

lettered, but number numbreed

65
Q

Which buoys and dashboard shapes mark the left side of a channel when proceeding from seaward and are associate with solid green or green and red-banded marks where the top-most band is green

A

cylindrical buoys (can buoys) and square dayboards

66
Q

mark the ___ buoys and ____ dayboards mark right side of the channel when proceeding from seaward. These aids to navigation are associated with solid red or red and green-banded marks where the topmost band is red.

A

Conical buoys (nun buoys) and triangular dashboards

67
Q

The Intarcoastal Waterway (ICW) runs parallel to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from New Jersey to the Mexican border. Aids to navigation marking the ICW display

A

unique yellow symbols to distinguish them from aids marking other waters. When following the conventional direction of buoyage, yellow triangles indicate aids that should be kept to starboard (right), and those with yellow squares should be kept to port (left).A yellow reflective horizontal strip on a dayboard indicates the aid to navigation marks the Intracoastal Waterway, but it has no lateral significance.

68
Q

Lights and other marine aids to navigation and maintained by or under authority of

A

the U.S. Coast Guard

69
Q

Lights and other marine aids to navigation, maintained by or under authority of the U.S. Coast Guard and located on waters used by general navigation, are described in

A

the Light List

70
Q

The Light List is published in

A

seven volumes, covering all waters of the U.S. and its possessions.

71
Q

The light list includes all

A

Coast guard aids to navigation used for general navigation such as lights, sound signals buoys, and daybeacons.

72
Q

The light list does not include

A

Coast Guard mrooring buoys, and some buoys having no lateral significance such as special purpose, anchorage, fish net and dredging .

73
Q

The Light List is published via hardcopy

A

annually

74
Q

The electronic version of the Light List is updated

A

weekly

75
Q

Changes to aids to navigation during the year are published in

A

U.S. Coast Guard Local Notices to Mariners and National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA) Notices to Mariners.

76
Q

A summary of corrections for the Light List, which includes corrections from the dates shown on the title page to the date of availability, is published in

A

the Local Notice to Mariners and the Notice to Mariners.

77
Q

Names of aids to navigation are printed as follows to help distinguish at a glance the type of aid to navigation listed:

A 
Seacoast/Lake coast Lights and Secondary Lights
RACONS
Sound Signals
River, Harbor, and Other Lights
Lighted Buoys
Daybeacons and Unlighted Buoys
78
Q

Aids to navigation are numbered by in accordance with their order of appearance in each volume of the Light List. Other numbers and decimal fractions are assigned where newly established aids to navigation are listed between previously numbered aids to navigation.

A

fives

79
Q

International numbers are assigned to certain aids to navigation in cooperation with t

A

he International Hydrographic Organization. They consist of an alphabetic character followed by three or four numeric characters.

80
Q

The visibility of a lighted aid to navigation depends upon two factors:

A

Intensity of the light (candlepower)

Its height above water

81
Q

With regards to lighted aids geographic range is

A

the maximum distance at which a light may be seen in perfect visibility by an observer at sea level.

82
Q

With regards to lighted aids, computed range is

A

the geographic range plus the observer’s distance to the horizon based on the observer’s height of eye.

83
Q

With regards to lighted navigations aids, computed visibility is

A

the visibility determines for a light using the light’s height, nominal ranges and the height of the eye of the observer

84
Q

For a lighted navigational aid, luminous range is

A

the maximum distance at which a light may be seen under the existing meteorological virility conditions. This does not take the height of the light, the overseas heat or the curvature of the Earth into consideration. It is only based on the intensity of the light.

85
Q

With regards to lighted navigational aids, the nominal range is

A

the maximum distance a light can bee seen in clear weather, which is defined as a visibility of 10 nautical miles. This only depends on the intensity of the light

86
Q

Are oil well strictures listed on the Light List?

A

No

87
Q

What is the primary means for disseminating information concerning aids to navigation, hazards to navigation and other items of marine information of interest to mariners not he waters of the U.S.

A

Local Notice to Mariners (LNM)

88
Q

Who is responsible for developing and issuing the LNMS?

A

Each Coast Guard District with information received fromCoast Guard field units, the general public, the Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Merchant Fleet, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS), and other sources, concerning the establishment of, changes to, and deficiencies in aids to navigation and any other information pertaining to the safety of the waterways within each Coast Guard District. This information includes: Reports of channel conditions, obstructions, hazards to navigation, dangers, anchorages, restricted areas, regattas, information on bridges such as proposed construction or modification, the establishment or removal of drill rigs and vessels, and similar items.

89
Q

a series of nautical books that cover a variety of information important to navigators of coastal and intracoastal waters and the Great Lakes. Issued in nine volumes, they contain supplemental information that is difficult to portray on a nautical chart.

A

The United States Coast Pilot

90
Q

Topics in the Coast Pilot include

A

Channel descriptions, anchorages, bridge and cable clearances, currents, tide and water levels, prominent features, twofers, pilotage, weather, ice conditions, wharf descriptions, dangers, routes, traffic separation schemes, small-craft facilities and Federal regulations applicable to navigations

91
Q

a reference publication depicting basic chart elements and explains nautical chart symbols and abbreviations associated with NOAA and NGA charts.

A

Chart No. 1: Nautical Chart Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms. The Tenth Edition dated November 1997 is the current edition number.

92
Q

The direction and velocity that a vessels moved off of its intended course due to the effects of wind and current are

A

set and drift

93
Q

Anticipated set and drift can be determined by

A

eferencing a variety of publications, including current charts, PC-based current programs, and the current tables produced by the National Ocean Survey (NOS) branch of NOAA.

94
Q

With a GPS coupled with an autopilot, the effects of set and drift (called “cross-track error” in GPS terminology) can be

A

compensated for automatically, saving considerable time, and fuel, in a long journey.

95
Q

The Dead Reckoning Plot conoids of only two elements

A

course and speed

96
Q

If offshore waters DR plots are often calculated for

A

every hour or half hour. In restricted waters every 15 minutes

97
Q
A

Dead Reckoning is your intended or assumed path through the water. Dead Reckoning is based on: a, COURSE (direction traveled in either TRUE or MAGNETIC) b, SPEED & TIME (distance run)

98
Q

A dead reckoning is

A 
prepared as you go
reflects actual progress
reflects actual starting time
reflects actual fixes
reflects near term planning is updated after each fir
99
Q

A new DR plot me be started after

A

every good fix, or course or speed change.

100
Q

STW =

A

peed through the water.

Do NOT consider the effects of Current or the effects of Wind

101
Q

COA

A

Course of Adance. The direction of the intended path over ground

102
Q

SOA

A

Speed of Advance. The speed intended to be made over ground along the COA

103
Q

COG

A

Course Over Ground, Instantaneous direction of the actual path over ground

104
Q

SOG

A

Speed over ground. Speed made good at any instant along the

105
Q

STW

A

Speed through water

106
Q

CMG

A

Course Made Good. The resultant direction fro the beginning of the voyage to the end.

107
Q

SMG

A

Speed made good. The overall actual speed of the voyage

108
Q

EP

A

Electronic position. This is your real position (Fix)

109
Q

PTA

A

Point to Aim. This is the course to steer to adjust for the current (PSC).

110
Q

Purpose of a DR Plot

A

a, Before sailing (voyage planning):
b, Determine course and speed to make.
c, Identify checkpoints and waypoints,
d, Locate fuel and other needed stops.
e, Estimate: Fuel, time, and other parameters.
f, While underway to plot or follow actual progress.

111
Q

RULES FOR A DR PLOT

A

1, A DR plot is based only on course and speed through the water

2, A DR position is plotted at convenient time intervals , eg every 30 or 60 minutes

3, A DR position plotted whenever a fix, running fix, or line of position is determine

4, A DR position plotted whenever a course or speed change occurs

5, A new DR plot should be started whenever a fix or running fix is obtained

112
Q

BOW BEAM BEARINGS

A

When running along the coast within visual sight of land, there is a simple method of determining distance offshore, which may be necessary to avoid a shoal or other navigational hazard. This method is called bow beam bearings, and sometimes called “doubling the angle on the bow.”

This method is based on the geometric fact that two sides of a 45° right triangle are equal. When some landmark (lighthouse, tank, etc) at or near the shoreline bears 45° relative, make note of the time and vessel speed. When the landmark is at 90° relative, the distance from the time of the first sighting is equal to the distance off.

113
Q

RUNNING FIX

A

Inevitably, there will be times when a sufficient number of landmarks are not available to take a 3-LOP fix, either due to weather, insufficient landmarks, or when landmark angular separation is unsatisfactory. In these instances, a single LOP can be “advanced” to create a reliable fix.

Master/ Mate 25 - 100 GRT (10 decks)

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