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sem 1 exam 2024 > nature vs nurture > Flashcards

nature vs nurture Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychology?

A

is the sceintific study of behaviour and mental processes

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2
Q

what is the differnce between behaviour and mental processes

A

behaviour - an observable action made by a living thing

mental processes - an experience that occurs within an indivual

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3
Q

what is the difference between a psychologist and a psycharitrist?

A

a psychatrist can prescribe medicine and a psychologist cant.

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4
Q

what is biology?

A

the study of life and living organsisms

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5
Q

what is the nervous system?

A

the nervous system is a system of nerves and cells that carries messages around the body

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6
Q

what is the nervous system made up of?

A
  1. CNS ( central nervous system )
  2. PNS ( peripheral nervous system ) - nerves outside the brain
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7
Q

CNS?

A

the brain is the control centre of the body, the spinal cord allows the brain to communicate with the rest of the body

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8
Q

definition of autonomic nervous sysrem and its divisions

A

the autonomic nervous system contracts non skeletal muscles (non voluntary = heart, glands, organs)

  • sympathetic = prepares for action, inducing or fight, flight and freeze response
  • parasympathetic = calms our body down to our regular state, rest and digest
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8
Q

divisions on PNS?

A

-somatic

-autonomic

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9
Q

defintion and divions of somatic nervous system

A

the somatic nervous system

  • carries messages from brain to skeletal muscles (voluntary movemnt) - MOTOR
  • processes sensors - SENSORY
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10
Q

cerebellum location and role

A
  • located at the base of brain
  • responsible for muscle coordination and balance
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11
Q

pons location and role

A
  • located on brain stem
  • responsible for regualting breathing and sleep cycles
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12
Q

cerebrum location and role

A
  • main part of brain
  • outer layer = cerebral cortex
  • divided into left and right hemispheres, each hemishphere has 4 lobes
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13
Q

what is the role of cerbral cortex

A

where all conscious thought and thinkiung occours

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14
Q

list the 4 lobes in the cerebrum

A
  1. frontal lobe
  2. partiel lobe
  3. occipital lobe
  4. temporal lobe
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15
Q

what is the occipital lobe?

A
  • dedicated to vision
  • contains primary visual cortex in which left lobe receives information from right visual feild and vice versa
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15
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A
  • largest lobe
  • problem solving, decision making and planning
  • contains primary motor cortex which initiates volunarty movement
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16
Q

what is the partiel lobe?

A
  • procssing sesnory information, spacial awareness
  • contains primary somatosensory cortex which receives and processes information about touch, temp and muscle coordintation
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17
Q

what is the temporal lobe?

A
  • responbible for hearing and langauge comprehension
  • contains primary auditory cortex to recognize faces, places, songs
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18
Q

What is hemishperic speciliation?

A

it means that one hemishpere is involved in a function than the other.

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18
Q

What does the left hemispere specilise?

A

Logic

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19
Q

What does the right hemispere specilise?

A

Creativity

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19
Q

what is the brocas area?

A

brocas area =
- left frontal lobe
- responsible for production of speech

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20
Q

what is the wernickes area?

A

wernickes area =
- left temporal lobe
- responsible for comprehension of speech

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21
Q

what is werinckles aphasia?

A

problems with understanding speech

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22
Q

what is brocas aphasia?

A

problems with producing speech

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23
Q

What is a nueron?

A

an indivual nerve cell that is the building block of the nervous system

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of nerurons and the defintion

A
  1. sensory nuerons - pick up info from your senses to send to your brain
  2. internerouns ( relay nuerons)
  3. motor neurons - move your muscles/organs
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24
Q

Soma defintion

A

cell body which contains nucleus and maintains the nueron

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24
Q

Dendrites defintion

A

recives information from other neurons and transmits it to the soma

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24
Q

Axon definition

A

thin tube-like extension that transmits info from the soma to the axon terminal

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24
Q

What are the properties of a neuron

A

-Dendrites
-Soma
-Axon
-Axon terminal
-Myelin sheath
-Synpatic gap

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25
Q

Axon terminal definition

A

found at the end of axons, that stores and secretes neurotransmitters

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26
Q

myelin sheath defintion

A

fatty subtsance coating the axon to make messages travel faster

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26
Q

synpatic gap defintion

A

the space between 2 neurons in which a message can be passed through

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27
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

are chemicals that neurons use to communicate with eachtoher

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27
Q

What is synpatic transmission?

A

is when neurotransmitters are released from one axon terminal of a neuron to enter the synpatcic gap to connect with the dendrite of another nueron

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28
Q

Electrochemical messsage?

A

When a neruon passes a message to another neuron
- electric message = message inside neuron
- chemical message = message when outside of a neuron

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29
Q

What is an excitatory neurotranmitter?

A

Makes post-synpatic neuron more likely to fire (GO)

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30
Q

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

Makes post-synpatic neuron less likely to fire (STOP)

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30
Q

What is DNA and what is it made of?

A

DNA is the genetic information for an organism and is made of deoxyribonucleic acid.

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31
Q

What is the strucute of DNA

A

It is a double helix, made up of nucleotides

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31
Q

Define chromosomes

A

Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell, that is made up off tightly wound DNA molecules.

32
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

32
Q

Define Gene

A

A gene is a segement of DNA that codes for a specifc protein.

33
Q

What are the bases for DNA and the base pairs

A

Adenine + Thymine
Gaunine + Cytosine

33
Q

What is the backbone of nucleotides and what is it held together by?

A

Sugar phosphate backbone - held by hydrogen bonds

33
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A
  1. Phosphate group
  2. Deoxyribose sugar
  3. Base
34
Q

What is RNA

A

Ribocunelic acid

35
Q

What are the features of RNA

A
  • single stranded
  • ribose sugar
  • made of nucleotides
36
Q

What are the base pairs?

A

Adenine + Uracil
Guanine + Cytosine

37
Q

What are the types of RNA

A
  • mRNA = messenger RNA
  • tRNA = transfer RNA
  • rRNA = ribosomal RNA
38
Q

What is protein synthesis

A

Is when a gene (segment of DNA) makes proteins

39
Q

What are the steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. Transcription (DNA - mRNA)
  2. Translation (mRNA - protein)
40
Q

What is mRNA

A
  • carries instructions for 1 gene
  • is synthesised in the nucleus
  • its function is to make a copy of a gene, and to take it to the ribosome
41
Q

Define transcription

A

Step 1: Initiation
- enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of gene called the promoter, signaling the DNA strand to unwind.
Step 2: Elongation
- RNA polymerase reads unwound DNA and builds mRNA molecule with complimentary base pairs.
Step 3: Termination
- when RNA polymerase crosses a termination sequence in a gene, and detaches from DNA strand

42
Q

What is start codon?

A

AUG

42
Q

What can mutations be?

A

harmful: maligant
benificial: benign
no effect

43
Q

Define translation

A
  1. mRNA strand moves from nucleus through nuclear pore to the cytoplasm
  2. mRNA attaches to ribosome, and the ribosome begins moving along mRNA reading codon at a time. Translation begins at start codon.
  3. tRNA molecules transport the amino acids to the mRNA strand at the ribosome
  4. tRNA links with the ribosome and matches its anticodon with the codon of mRNA
  5. A peptide bond forms between the adjoining amino acids, forming a polypeptide
  6. Protein production stops when STOP codon is reached. mRNA breaks away from ribosome.
44
Q

What is a mutation

A

Mutations are changes in genetic material

44
Q

How can mutations be caused?

A

By errors in DNA replication OR induced by mutagens

45
Q

Define insertion

A

One base is added to a DNA strand

46
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

It is an environmental factor such as X RAY, chemichals or UV light

47
Q

Define substitution

A

One base is replaced in a DNA strand

47
Q

DNA can be affected by..?

A

a) substitution
b) insertion
c) deletion
d) inversion

48
Q

Define deletion

A

One base is deleted from a DNA strand

49
Q

Define inversion

A

A segment of DNA is flipped

50
Q

What is a frameshift?

A

Insertion and deletion undergo a frameshift in which the codons change

51
Q

Describe a genetic disorder

A

Huntingtons disease is a proggressive brain disorder that is caused by insertion. The HTT mutation occours when DNA segment CAG is repeated more than 36 times in a row.

52
Q

What does William James describe conciousness as?

A

A river or stream that is continuous (never empty) and ever changing along with selective.

53
Q

What are the states of concsiousness?

A
  • Normal waking consciousness
  • Altered state of consciousness
54
Q

Define normal waking conciousness

A

Is when we are awake and aware of your thoughts, feelings and perceptions both internally and from the external world.

55
Q

define altered state of conciosuness

A

level of awareness is differed or lessened

56
Q

when are you in your altered state of consciouness?

A
  • sleep
  • coma
  • day dreaming
57
Q

why is sleep an exmaple of altered state of consiousness?

A

as it invlolves a loss of awareness and disengagment with internal and external stimuli

58
Q

what are charateriscs of sleep?

A
  • reduced abilty to control behaviour
  • less accurate understanding of time
  • lack of control over thoughts
59
Q

what is circadian rythumn

A

24 hour body clock that controls sleep wake cycle that induces melatonin when dark

60
Q

what are the 2 types of sleep

A
  • REM
    -NREM
61
Q

define REM sleep

A

(rapid eye movemnt)
- high amounts of brain acitivyt
- low levels of physical activity (paralysed)

61
Q

what brain wavs are iin rem sleep

A

alpha, theta, delta

62
Q

how much time do we spend in REM in a sleep episode

A

20-25%

63
Q

define NREM

A
  • less active brain
  • muscle movemnt in possible
64
Q

what brainwaves are in NREM

A

delta

65
Q

how much time do we spend in NREM in a sleep episode

A

70-75%

65
Q

define NREM stage 1

A
  • sleeper goes from being awake to light sleep
  • loses awareness of sourroundings
65
Q

define NREM stage 2

A
  • light sleep
  • indivuals spend most of there time sleeping in this stage
66
Q

what is a sleep cycle

A

approxiemtly 90 minute periods that repeats during a sleep episode, that progresses through stages of REM and NREM

66
Q

define NREM stage 3

A
  • deep sleep
  • difficuluty waking sleeper
66
Q

what happens to rem sleep in a sleep cycle

A

REM sleep time increases and lenghtnes

67
Q

What is a sleep episode?

A

full duration of time asleep, made up of multiple sleep cycles

68
Q

how many sleep cycles per night

A

4-5

69
Q

what happens to NREM in a sleepp cycle

A

NREM decreases

70
Q

what is an ELECTROENCPHALOGRAPH (EEG)

A

small electrodes being attached to the scalp to observe, measure and record brain acitivty in sleep.

71
Q

what is an ELECTROCULARGRAPH (EOG)

A

small electrodes being placed around the eyes to detect, meausre and record eye movemt in sleep from the contractions in the eye muscles.

72
Q

what happens to REM sleep as we age?

A

decreases

73
Q

what is an ELECTROMYOGRAPH (EMG)

A

small electrodes being placed on the lower jaw to detect record and meausre muscle movement during sleep due to contractions

74
Q

How many hours of sleep do babies need?

A

14-17 hours

75
Q

How many hours of sleep do adults need?

A

7-8 hours

75
Q

How many hours of sleep do adolcents need?

A

9.5 hours

76
Q

what is delayed sleep onset in adolcnets?

A

a delayed release of melatonin in adoclents causes the circadiun rythm to be pushed forward 1-2 hours resulting in teens staying up later

76
Q

what is sleep deprivation?

A

is inadequate hours of sleep per night, or poor quality of sleep

77
Q

what is partial sleep deprivation?

A

too little sleep per night

78
Q

what is total sleep deprivation

A

no sleep in 24 hours

79
Q

what are psychological impacts of sleep deprivation?

A
  • emotional and mental disturbances
  • cognotive impairment
80
Q

what are physiological impacts of sleep deprivation?

A
  • weakend immune system
  • increased risk of obesity

sem 1 exam 2024 (3 decks)

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