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sem 1 exam 2024 > dynamic science > Flashcards

dynamic science Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first stage of mitosis?

A
  1. prophase
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2
Q

what is the second stage of mitosis?

A
  1. metaphase
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3
Q

what is the third stage of mitosis?

A
  1. anaphase
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4
Q

what is the foruth stage of mitosis?

A
  1. telophase
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5
Q

What is energy

A

energy is the abilty to do work or cause a change

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5
Q

what is atomic number

A

number of protons

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6
Q

what is a chemical chnage

A

can not be reversed, eveidence is a change in temp/colour/odour

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7
Q

what is size of electrons

A

1/1800

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8
Q

what is a physical change

A

its reverisble

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9
Q

what is rate of reaction

A

the time it takes reaction to complete

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10
Q

how must a chemical reaction occour

A

the reacting particles MUST collide with eachother. the rate of reaction depends on the frequency of reactions

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11
Q

what do succesful collisions rely on?

A
  1. collisions of particles
  2. collision with sufficient energy
  3. efficient orientation of collision
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12
Q

how does temperature infulence reaction rate?

A

as temp increases, the kenitic energy in particles increases causing them to move faster making them collide faster

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13
Q

how does surface area infulence reaction rate?

A

if you increase surface area, rate of reaction increases as there is more area for particles to collide

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14
Q

how does a higher concentration infulence reaction rate?

A

at a higher concentration, there are more particles in the same amount of space causing for more collisions to occour

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15
Q

how does a catalyst infulence reaction rate?

A

a catalyst is a chemical that speeds up reactions as it provides a different route for collisions.

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16
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

maintains balance in the body through the action of hormones

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17
Q

how do hormones travel

A

through the blood stream

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18
Q

what is endocrine system made up of?

A

endocrine glands that secrete chemical messenger called hormones

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19
Q

do hormones work on all cells?

A

no, only on target cells that has designated receptors that recognize the hormones they need

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20
Q

how are hormones released?

A

controlled by external and internal and stimuli

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21
Q

what is hypothalamus

A

it detects changes in temp and is located in brain

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22
Q

pituitary gland -

A
  • master gland
  • secrets growth hormone
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23
Q

thyriod gland -

A
  • regulates metabolism
  • secrets thyroxine
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23
Q

adrenal gland

A
  • flight or fight respone
  • secretes adreneline and cortisol
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24
Q

pancreas

A
  • regulates blood sugar levels
  • secretes insulin and glucagon
    (insulin takes glucose from blood stream, glucagon puts blood sugar back into blood)
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25
Q

ovaries

A
  • controls female charactsics
  • secretes oestrgoen and progestrone
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26
Q

testes

A
  • controls male characrsics
  • secretes testostrone
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27
Q

pineal

A
  • controls sleeping and waking patterns
  • secretes melatonin
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28
Q

what conditions in the body are kept constant

A
  • body temp (37)
  • amount of water in the body
  • blood sugar levels
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29
Q

what is the stimulus respone model

A
  1. stimulus
  2. receptors
  3. control centre
  4. effector organs
  5. respsone
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30
Q

what is negative feedback

A

is a response to a changed enviroment that reverses changes

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31
Q

what is a gene

A

segment of dna that codes for a specific protein

32
Q

what is a chromosome

A

a molecule/dna strand

33
Q

what is diabtetes

A

diabtetes is when your body doesnt produce enough inuslin causing for too much blood sugar to be in your body.

34
Q

RNA properties

A

can leave nucleas,
base p[airs = A+U, C+G

34
Q

base pairs of DNA?

A

adenine + thymine
gaunine + cytosine

34
Q

what are the 2 steps of protein synthesis?

A
  1. transcription (DNA-mRNA)
  2. translation (mRNA-protein)
35
Q

Why do cells replicate

A

to grow, repair and replace dead damged or infecrted cells.

35
Q

How do you make a protein

A

mRNA is copied from the DNA in the nucleus and carries the insutctions for one gene to the cytoplasm where proteins are made at the ribosome

36
Q

what are the main steps of the cell cycle?

A
  1. interphase
  2. mitosis
  3. cytokeniss
37
Q

what happens in G1

A

growth period before dna syntheis, makes proteins

37
Q

what happens in interphase?

A
  1. G1
  2. DNA synthesis
  3. G2
38
Q

why is DNA replicated

A

to ensure that a cell hsa 2 copies of dna before it divides

38
Q

what is step 1 of dna syntheies?

A

UNZIPPING OF PARENT DNA
- enzyme helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
- both strands are now template strands

39
Q

what happens in DNA syntheis?

A

DNA is replicated.

40
Q

what is step 2 of dna syntheis?

A

FORMATION OF NEW DAUGHTER DNA
- new base paires pair with each strand of parent DNA
- enzyme polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides to from sugar phosphate backbones

41
Q

what is dna replication

A

semi-conservative

42
Q

what happens in G2

A

period after DNA syntheis but before mitois, still growing

43
Q

how does cytokenins occour in plant cells

A

cell plate

43
Q

what is a checkpoint

A

checkpoints will prevent cell division if
- cell is short of nutrients
- DNA has not been replicated
- DNA is damages?

43
Q

how does cytokenins occour in animal cellsz?

A

cleavage furrow

44
Q

where are the checkpoints

A

just after G1 before S, just after G2, before mitosis, mitosis checkpoint

45
Q

what can happen if a mutation occours

A

mutations in genes can result in an out of control cell cycle due to a lack of checkpoints that could result in cancer

46
Q

what happens in the first stage of mitosis

A

Prophase -
chromsomes coil, become more visible, nuclear membrane starts to dissapear

46
Q

what happens in the third stage of mitosis

A

Anaphase -
sister chromotids are pulled to opposing poles of the cell by spindle fribes

47
Q

what happens in the second stage of mitosis

A

Metaphase -
nuclear membrane is completly gone, chromorids are pulled by spindle fibres to the equator of a cell

48
Q

what happens in the fourth stage of mitosis

A

Telophase -
sepeartion of chromosomes is complete, nuclear membrane reforms, chromsomes unciol

48
Q

what is cytokesins

A

division of cell after mitosis

49
Q

what are somatic cells

A

cells that are diploid meaning they carry 2 sets of chromosome from each parents

50
Q

what is energy measured in

A

joules

50
Q

what are the 9 energy forms

A
  1. heat
  2. light
  3. sound
  4. nuclear energy
  5. kinetic
  6. gravitational potential
  7. elstatic potential
  8. chemical potential
  9. electrical
51
Q

what are the main types of energy

A

kinetic ( energy due to motion )
potential ( stored energy in an object )

51
Q

what energy forms are potential

A

chemical energy, nuclear energy, gravitiational potiential, elastic potenital

52
Q

what is work

A

the amount of energy it takes to perform a task

52
Q

what energy forms are kinetic

A

electrical, light, sound, heat

52
Q

what is the conservation of energy rule?

A

energy cannot be created or detoryed. whenever energy is converteted from one form to antoher, the total energy remains constant.

53
Q

what is the transformation of energy

A

energy changes from one form to another

54
Q

what is a transfer of energy

A

energy is passed along

55
Q

what is thermodynamics

A

is the study of how heat (thermal energy) can be tranformed or tranfered between opbjects

56
Q

what does thermal energy cause for

A

particles to vibrate

57
Q

what is a thermodyncamic system

A

thermodynamic enegery is the total energy of all moving or vibrating particles in an object

57
Q

how is thermal energy tranfered

A

when a hot object cools, the thermal energy is transfer from the molecules on the hot object to the air paritcles

57
Q

what are the 3 thermal energy transfers?

A
  1. conduction
  2. convection
  3. radiation
58
Q

which way does heat flow

A

heat flows from where it is hotter to where it is cooler

59
Q

define conduction

A

occours when two objects at different temperatures are in contact with eachother

60
Q

define convection

A

is the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid (liquid or gas) between areas at diffferent temp

61
Q

define radiation

A

heat energy transfered by infared radiation, which is is in the form of waves

62
Q

what types of cells undergo mitosis

A

all cells except for sex cells

63
Q

what colour does lithium go

A

red

64
Q

what colour does copper go

A

green

sem 1 exam 2024 (3 decks)

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