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Health & Social Care > Nature Vs Nurture > Flashcards

Nature Vs Nurture Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between nature and nurture?

A
  • Nature refers to our genetic inheritance and other biological factors; this is what we are born with and is innate.
  • Nurture refers to the environmental around us and how it influences us ( our behaviour etc)
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2
Q

What is maturation?

A
  • A genetically programmed sequence of change (example: onset of menopause)
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3
Q

Explain Gesell’s maturation theory

A

Aim: To see if part of children’s growth is determined by genetically determined physiological processes (biological maturation)
- His findings from the observations were used to establish norms/milestones for each developmental aspect.
- From his observations he concluded that development is predetermined and that the environment has little influence.
- Gesell believed that if there was a delay in the child’s development then it was down to heredity.
- Critics of Gesell’s theory said that the maturation theory is not helpful in explaining individual or cultural differences or for children with learning difficulties.
- Applies the principles of nature.

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4
Q

Explain Bandura’s social learning theory

A
  • Bandura believes that children learn though observing the behaviour of others.
  • 4 stages of Bandura’s social learning theory: Attention, internalisation, motivation and motor reproduction
  • Modelling from adults is important for a child to set a good example of appropriate behaviour.
  • This theory is based on the bobo doll study
  • Applies the principles of nurture
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5
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A
  • Being rewarded immediately/ has personal satisfaction so they repeat the behaviour again. For example giving a child pocket money for showing a desired behaviour ( they will be now more likely to repeat it in order to get rewarded)
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6
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A
  • When behaviour is not repeated to avoid a negative consequence. for example; taking away toys as a result of bad behaviour.
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7
Q

Explain the stress diathesis model

A
  • the stress diathesis model helps explain how stress caused by life events can interact with an individuals genetic vulnerability to impact their mental wellbeing.
  • high levels of stress can be caused by life events
  • high levels of stress can trigger mental illnesses (onset pre-disposition)
  • If you have a high predisposition and you suffer from stress then this theory suggests that you are more likely to develop a mental illness.
  • This applies both nature and nurture.
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8
Q

What are 3 key physical milestones that you would expect to re from infancy to childhood?

A
  • crawling, cruising and walking
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9
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does each living cell in the human body have in its nucleus?

A

23

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10
Q

What do genes determine?

A

-physical characteristics

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11
Q

What are genes made of?

A

DNA

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12
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

What is a predisposition?

A
  • The possibility of developing a certain condition
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14
Q

What is a genetic predisposition ?

A

When you inherit the possibility from one or both biological parents

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15
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • defective protein being produced, causing lungs to be clogged with thick sticky mucus
  • problems absorbing nourishment from food
  • respiratory and chest infections
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16
Q

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A
  • Faulty gene that is recessive (both parents must be carriers)- 1/4 chance of developing it.
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17
Q

What support is available for cystic fibrosis?

A
  • physiotherapy to help clear mucus
  • drugs to control breathing, throat + lung infections
  • special diet and drugs to help with absorption
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18
Q

What are the sign/symptoms of Brittle Bone disease?

A
  • high risk of fracturing/breaking their bones easily due to not enough collagen.
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19
Q

What is brittle bone disease caused by?

A
  • can be developed from a genetic mutation or is passed from parents
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20
Q

What support is available for people with brittle bone disease?

A
  • physiotherapy
  • assistive equipment
  • drug treatment
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21
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of Phenyl Ketonuria (PKU)?

A
  • Eating foods that contain phenylalamine leads to the build of harmful substances which damages brain development.
  • undetected PKU can cause failure to meet developmental milestones and experience developmental delay.
  • severe learning disability and even death
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22
Q

What causes PKU?

A
  • genetic disorder
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23
Q

What support is available for individuals with PKU?

A
  • incurable but:
  • special diet and medication to prevent buildup up of harmful substances
  • all UK babies are screened by dong a heel-prick test ( if they have a high phenylaline then they will receive immediate treatment)
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24
Q

What are the signs/ symptoms of huntingtons disease?

A
  • progressive damage to certain nerve cells in the brain
  • effects muscle coordination
  • mental decline, behavioural changes
  • psychiatric problems
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25
Q

What are the causes of huntingtons disease?

A
  • occurs between ages 35-55yrs
  • inherited neurodegenerative genetic disorder
26
Q

What support is available for huntingtons?

A
  • other people for care and support
27
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome?

A
  • slow reaching milestones
  • born with undescended testicle
  • poor muscle power, delayed communication and passive personality
  • difficulty socialising and expressing feelings of
  • mild learning difficulties
  • low energy
    -lack of testosterone
28
Q

What are the causes of Klinefelter syndrome?

A
  • Extra X chromosome is acquired after the baby is conceived (only in boys)
29
Q

What support is available for Klinefelter syndrome?

A
  • treatment for low testosterone levels
30
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of Down’s syndrome ?

A
  • varying levels of disability
  • physical characteristic features
  • higher incidence of depression
  • common hearing, visual and heart problems.
31
Q

What causes Down’s syndrome?

A
  • genetic condition as a result of an extra chromosome
32
Q

What support is there for people with Down’s syndrome?

A
  • improved h&sc support
  • education has provided opportunities for them to leave home + live independently to form relationships + employment.
33
Q

What are the symptoms of blindness?

A
  • difficulty distinguishing between different colours
34
Q

What is colour blindness caused by?

A
  • Genetic abnormality in the retina
  • could be as a result of diabetes and multiple sclerosis
  • ageing
  • side effect from medications
35
Q

What support is available for people with colour blindness?

A
  • using appropriate colour schemes when producing printed information
36
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A
  • prevents body from producing a vital muscle protein called dystrophin
  • gross motor skills are severely affected.
  • severe health problems as the muscles in heart and lungs weaken
37
Q

What causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A
  • inherited genetic condition which gradually weakens muscles lead ing to disability
  • changes in the genes which are responsible for the structure and functioning of a persons muscles
  • inherited on the female gene but is only passed on to male offspring
  • genetic mutation on X chromosome.
38
Q

What support is available for those with Duchenne muscular dystrophy ?

A
  • research and medical advances which is increasing the life expectancy
  • correct specialists in h&sc
39
Q

According to the world health organisation , what do diseases involve?

A
  • environmental factors and complex interaction of many genes
40
Q

What does susceptibility mean?

A
  • An increased likelihood of acquiring a disease because of an individuals genetic make up
41
Q

Examples of diseases/disorders that are more likely to occur in individuals with a susceptibility?

A
  • cancer, diabetes and high blood cholesterol
42
Q

What are the sings and symptoms of cancer?

A
  • lumps in the body
  • unexplained bleeding
  • changes to bowel habits
43
Q

What can cause cancer?

A
  • cell disease that results in them becoming abnormal and dividing to make even more abnormal cells
  • attributed to environmental and lifestyle factors
44
Q

What support is available for individuals with cancer?

A
  • chemotherapy
  • surgery
  • radiotherapy
45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of diabetes?

A
  • high/low insulin levels
  • tired, low energy levels
  • blurry vision and unexplained weight gain/loss
46
Q

What can cause diabetes?

A
  • chronic condition
  • environment and lifestyle
  • genetic predisposition
47
Q

What support is available for individuals who have diabetes?

A
  • insulin
  • weight loss
  • islet cell transplant
  • medication
  • diet and exercise
48
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of high blood cholesterol?

A
  • too much fatty substance causing build up in artery walls
  • can cause heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases
49
Q

What causes high blood cholesterol?

A
  • unhealthy diet, smoking and lack of exercise
  • fatty substance carried around the body by proteins
  • inherited condition; gene alteration
50
Q

What support is available for individuals with high blood cholesterol?

A

-healthy diet
- exercise
- medication

51
Q

-what can be some of the effects of a child born from a mother who smokes?

A
  • reduced weight
  • prone to infections
  • twice as likely to die of cot death
  • learning disability
52
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of foetal alcohol syndrome?

A
  • developmental and physical defects
  • smaller heads and poor brain development
  • heart defects and learning disability
  • neurological problems
53
Q

What causes foetal alcohol syndrome?

A
  • drinking alcohol during the pregnancy
54
Q

What support is available for individuals with foetal alcohol syndrome?

A
  • support groups
55
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of maternal infections during pregnancy?

A
  • impaired hearing and eyesight
  • damaged heart
  • learning disability
56
Q

What causes maternal infections during pregnancy ?

A
  • exposed to or acquired infections such as rubella
57
Q

What support is available for individuals with maternal infections during pregnancy?

A
  • vaccinations
58
Q

What does congenital mean?

A
  • present at brith
59
Q

What are the most common and severe congenital defects?

A
  • heart defects, neural tube defects and Down’s syndrome.
60
Q

What other factors can be responsible for congenital defects?

A
  • socio-economic factors: lack of access to sufficient nutritious foods during pregnancy
  • environmental factor: working or living in polluted areas, causing harmful exposure to substances
  • infectious disease during pregnancy: rubella and syphilis for example.
61
Q

List physical characteristics which are determined by genetic inheritance

A
  • Colour of eyes
  • straight or curly hair
  • skin pigmentation
62
Q

Make a list of physical characteristics which are strongly influenced by genetics from birth parents

A
  • height
    -weight
  • life expectancy

Health & Social Care (2 decks)

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