nature's chemistry - Systematic carbon chemistry,Esters, fats and oils Carboxylic acids, Alcohols, Soaps detergents and emulsions, Proteins, oxidation of food, Fragrances, Skin care

Question 1

Saturated Compounds

Answer 1

Compounds containing only single carbon–carbon bonds.

Question 2

Unsaturated Compounds

Answer 2

Compounds containing at least one carbon–carbon double bond, which can take part in addition reactions.

Question 3

Addition Reaction

Answer 3

A reaction in which two molecules combine to form a single molecule.

Question 4

Bromine Solution Test

Answer 4

A test used to distinguish unsaturated compounds from saturated compounds, where unsaturated compounds quickly decolourise bromine solution.

Question 5

Isomers

Answer 5

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae, possibly belonging to different homologous series and usually having different physical properties.

Question 6

Hydroxyl Group

Answer 6

The ─OH group in alcohols, responsible for their polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds.

Question 7

Primary Alcohol

Answer 7

An alcohol where the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to only one other carbon atom.

Question 8

Secondary Alcohol

Answer 8

An alcohol where the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to two other carbon atoms.

Question 9

Tertiary Alcohol

Answer 9

An alcohol where the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to three other carbon atoms.

Question 10

Diols

Answer 10

Alcohols containing two hydroxyl groups.

Question 11

Triols

Answer 11

Alcohols containing three hydroxyl groups.

Question 12

Carboxyl Group

Answer 12

The ─COOH group in carboxylic acids.

Question 13

Carboxylic Acid

Answer 13

A molecule containing the carboxyl functional group, which can react with bases to form salts.

Question 14

Ester Link

Answer 14

The ─COO─ bond formed in esters during a condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

Question 15

Condensation Reaction

Answer 15

A chemical reaction where two molecules are joined together with the elimination of a small molecule, often water

Question 16

Hydrolysis Reaction

Answer 16

A reaction where a molecule reacts with water to break down into smaller molecules.

Question 17

Glycerol

Answer 17

Propane-1,2,3-triol, a molecule used to form esters in edible fats and oils through condensation with fatty acids.

Question 18

Fatty Acids

Answer 18

Saturated or unsaturated straight-chain carboxylic acids, usually with long carbon chains, which form esters with glycerol in fats and oils.

Question 19

Saponification

Answer 19

The alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils to produce soap and glycerol.

Question 20

Soap

Answer 20

Ionic salts formed from the neutralisation of fatty acids by an alkali, used to remove non-polar substances such as oil and grease.

Question 21

Soapless Detergent

Answer 21

Substances similar to soap, but which do not form scum in hard water, containing non-polar hydrophobic tails and ionic hydrophilic heads.

Question 22

Emulsifier

Answer 22

A substance used to prevent non-polar and polar liquids from separating into layers by forming stable emulsions.

Question 23

Protein

Answer 23

A biological molecule made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, involved in the structural and functional processes of living organisms.

Question 24

Amino Acid

Answer 24

The building blocks of proteins, containing an amino group (─NH2) and a carboxyl group (─COOH).

Question 25

Peptide Link

Answer 25

The ─CONH─ bond formed between amino acids in proteins during condensation reactions.

Question 26

Denaturation

Answer 26

The process where the intermolecular bonds in proteins are broken due to heat or other factors, causing the protein to change shape.

Question 27

Oxidation (Carbon Compounds)

Answer 27

An increase in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio in a molecule.

Question 28

Reduction (Carbon Compounds)

Answer 28

A decrease in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio in a molecule.

Question 29

Primary Alcohol Oxidation

Answer 29

The process of converting primary alcohols first to aldehydes and then to carboxylic acids using oxidising agents like hot copper(II) oxide or acidified dichromate(VI).

Question 30

Secondary Alcohol Oxidation

Answer 30

The process of converting secondary alcohols to ketones using oxidising agents like hot copper(II) oxide or acidified dichromate(VI).

Question 31

Aldehyde

Answer 31

A molecule containing a carbonyl functional group (C=O) at the end of a carbon chain.

Question 32

Ketone

Answer 32

A molecule containing a carbonyl functional group (C=O) within the carbon chain.

Question 33

Antioxidant

Answer 33

A molecule that prevents unwanted oxidation reactions by being easily oxidised itself, thus protecting other substances.

Question 34

Essential Oils

Answer 34

Concentrated extracts of volatile, non-water soluble aroma compounds from plants, widely used in various products for their scents and flavors.

Question 35

Terpenes

Answer 35

Unsaturated compounds formed by joining together isoprene units, which are key components in essential oils.

Question 36

Isoprene Unit

Answer 36

A molecule of 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene, which forms the building blocks of terpenes.

Question 37

Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation

Answer 37

High-energy light present in sunlight that can break molecular bonds, leading to sunburn and accelerated skin aging.

Question 38

Free Radical

Answer 38

A highly reactive atom or molecule with unpaired electrons, formed when UV light breaks bonds.

Question 39

Free Radical Chain Reaction

Answer 39

A reaction sequence involving initiation (formation of free radicals), propagation (reaction of free radicals with other molecules), and termination (reaction of free radicals to form stable molecules).

Question 40

Free Radical Scavenger

Answer 40

A molecule that reacts with free radicals to form stable molecules, preventing chain reactions.