chemistry in society Flashcards
Designing chemical processes to maximize profit, minimize environmental impact, and ensure safety and efficiency.
Industrial Process Design
Factors include availability, sustainability, and cost of feedstocks; opportunities for recycling; energy requirements; marketability of by-products; and product yield.
Factors Influencing Industrial Process Design
Environmental Considerations in Industrial ProcessesInclude minimizing waste, avoiding the use or production of toxic substances, and designing biodegradable products.
Environmental Considerations in Industrial Processes
Representations of chemical reactions using symbols and formulas to show reactants and products, including their states.
Chemical Equations
The amount of substance containing the same number of entities as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12.
Mole
The mass of one mole of a substance, calculated using the sum of the atomic masses of its constituent atoms.
Gram Formula Mass (GFM)
The volume occupied by one mole of a gas at a specific temperature and pressure, typically 22.4 L at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure).
Molar Volume
A measure of the efficiency of a reaction, calculated by dividing the actual yield by the theoretical yield and multiplying by 100.
Percentage Yield
A measure of the efficiency of a chemical reaction in terms of the amount of starting materials that become useful products.
Atom Economy
The reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction, thus determining the maximum amount of product that can be formed.
Limiting Reactant
A reactant that remains after a chemical reaction has stopped due to the limiting reactant being completely used up.
Excess Reactant
The maximum amount of product that could be formed from given amounts of reactants, calculated based on the balanced chemical equation.
Theoretical Yield
The amount of product actually obtained from a reaction, often less than the theoretical yield due to inefficiencies.
Actual Yield
Explains how chemical reactions occur and why reaction rates differ, based on the frequency and energy of colliding particles.
Collision Theory
Factors include concentration, pressure, surface area (particle size), temperature, and collision geometry
Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
A graph that shows the energy changes during a chemical reaction, with reactants, products, and the activation energy.
Potential Energy Diagram
The heat change associated with a chemical reaction, negative for exothermic reactions and positive for endothermic reactions.
Enthalpy Change (ΔH)
The minimum energy required for reactants to collide and form an activated complex, leading to a chemical reaction.
activation energy
A transient, unstable arrangement of atoms formed at the peak of the activation energy barrier during a chemical reaction.
Activated Complex
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed, by lowering the activation energy.
Catalyst
Temperature and Kinetic EnergyTemperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance, influencing reaction rates.
Temperature and Kinetic Energy
A graph that shows the distribution of kinetic energy among molecules in a sample at a given temperature.
Energy Distribution Diagram
A measure of the total energy of a system, including internal energy and the energy required to displace its environment.
Enthalpy
A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings, resulting in a negative enthalpy change (ΔH).
Exothermic Reaction
