Nature of science p3

Question 1

Evidence for Inferring Causality

Answer 1

Association between IV and DV
DV varied after occurrence of IV
Relationship between IV and DV is not spurious (giả)

Question 2

Factors to Consider in Causal Interpretation

Answer 2

Is there an association?
What is the direction of influence?
Is the relationship non spurious?
Is the relationship present only under certain conditions?
What accounts for the causal link between the IV and DV?

Question 3

Is there an association?

Answer 3

Is the IV related to the DV such that change in value of one is associated with change in the value of the other?

Question 4

What is the direction of influence?

Answer 4

Does change in the DV occur after change in the IV and not vice versa?

Question 5

Is the relationship non spurious?

Answer 5

Have potential confounding variables been identified and eliminated (controlled) as explanation for the observed relationship?

Question 6

Is the relationship present only under certain conditions?

Answer 6

Are there moderating variables that specify under which conditions a relationship exists?

Question 7

What accounts for the causal link between the IV and DV?

Answer 7

Are there intervening variables that explain the mechanism by which the IV influences the DV?