Nature and process of JR Flashcards
What is the purpose of a partial or time limitation clause in legislation?
A partial or time limitation clause in legislation seeks to exclude the jurisdiction of the court once a time limit has expired. It is more restrictive for claimants, but it does not remove access to judicial review entirely.
What is the significance of Lord Diplock’s second exception in relation to mixed claims involving public and private law?
Lord Diplock’s second exception recognizes that mixed claims involving both public and private law can arise. It allows litigants asserting a private law right, which incidentally involves the examination of a public law issue, to establish that right through ordinary action.
What is the significance of forming a group or company in relation to gaining standing?
Individuals who did not have standing would not gain it just because they formed themselves into a group or a company. This was observed in the context of engineering a status and challenging a minister’s refusal to grant a listing.
How does judicial review differ from an appeal?
Judicial review does not involve the courts substituting their own decision for that of the decision maker. Instead, it focuses on whether the decision has been made correctly and can direct that the decision be made again in the correct manner.
How do the courts respond to partial or time limitation clauses in legislation?
The courts respond to partial or time limitation clauses by taking them at face value. They are likely to strike out any action brought after the time limit has expired. This approach was reaffirmed by the House of Lords in Smith v East Elloe RDC[1956] 1 All ER 855 and by the Court of Appeal in R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Ostler [1977] QB 122.
What was the outcome of the case Roy v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Family Practitioner Committee (FPC) [1992] 1 AC 624?
In the case of Roy v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Family Practitioner Committee (FPC) [1992] 1 AC 624, Dr. Roy, a GP, brought a private action against the FPC claiming breach of contract. The House of Lords held that Dr. Roy had a bundle of private law rights, including the right to be paid for work done, which entitled him to sue for their alleged breach. It was not an abuse of process to proceed with the private action.
What is meant by the term ‘amenability’ in the context of judicial review?
Amenability refers to determining whether the decision or action being challenged is appropriate for the judicial review process. Generally, only public law decisions are amenable to judicial review.
What is the significance of the Civil Procedure Rule 54.5(3) in relation to time limits for making a claim for judicial review?
Civil Procedure Rule 54.5(3) states that the normal time limit does not apply when any other enactment specifies a shorter time limit for making the claim for judicial review. This provision reinforces the importance of adhering to specific time limits set by other enactments.
How did the court determine standing in the case Ex parte Greenpeace?
In the case Ex parte Greenpeace, the court took into account the national and international standing of Greenpeace, its genuine concern for the environment, and the fact that it had 2,500 supporters in Cumbria. The court believed that without Greenpeace’s involvement, the people it represented might not have had an effective way of bringing the disputed issues to court.
What is the influence of the Civil Procedure Rules on the courts’ approach to procedural exclusivity?
The Civil Procedure Rules have influenced the courts’ approach to procedural exclusivity. The case of Clark v University of Lincolnshire and Humberside [2000] 3 All ER 752 provides an example where the Court of Appeal held that even though the dispute concerned issues of public law, the claimant was allowed to pursue the matter by means of an action in contract, rather than through judicial review.
What factors can affect whether and what relief is granted by the court in a judicial review?
Time limit factors can affect whether and what relief is granted by the court in a judicial review. The courts are unlikely to uphold a total ouster clause, but they are likely to uphold a partial ouster clause that abridges the limitation period.
What are the preliminary requirements for pursuing a judicial review claim?
Before pursuing a judicial review claim, there are five main preliminary issues that need to be considered: amenability, procedural exclusivity, standing, time limits, and ouster clauses (where relevant). These requirements determine whether a claim can be pursued and the appropriate procedure to follow.
What factors contributed to the decision to grant standing in the case Ex parte World Development Movement?
In the case Ex parte World Development Movement, the court granted standing to the World Development Movement (WDM) based on several significant factors. These factors included the importance of vindicating the rule of law, the likely absence of any other responsible challenger, the nature of the breach of duty, and the prominent role of the applicants in giving advice, guidance, and assistance on overseas aid.
What is the significance of the case of R v Panel of Take-overs and Mergers, ex parte Datafin [1987] QB 815?
The case of R v Panel of Take-overs and Mergers, ex parte Datafin [1987] QB 815 is an important authority in understanding the evolving approach to amenability in judicial review. It established that decisions taken by bodies performing ‘public law functions’ could be subject to judicial review, regardless of the source of their power.
How do self-regulatory authorities fit into the concept of amenability in judicial review?
Self-regulatory authorities are generally considered to be exercising public functions if the matter in question has the necessary public character. Decisions of self-regulatory authorities can be subject to judicial review if they meet the criteria of performing public law functions or having public law consequences.
What is the procedure for bringing a judicial review claim?
The procedure for bringing a judicial review claim involves two stages. Firstly, an ex parte application for permission (previously called ‘leave’) must be made to the Administrative Court or relevant tribunal. Secondly, there is a full inter partes hearing where applicants present the grounds to challenge the decision.
What is the standing requirement for bringing a judicial review application?
A necessary pre-condition for bringing a judicial review application is that the particular applicant has standing, also known as locus standi. The Senior Courts Act 1981, s. 31(3) stipulates that leave of the High Court must be obtained, and the court will only grant leave if it considers that the applicant has sufficient interest in the matter to which the application relates.
What is the ‘but for’ test in determining amenability to judicial review?
The ‘but for’ test is used to determine amenability to judicial review. It considers whether, if the self-regulatory authority or body in question had not already been in existence, Parliament would have needed to intervene and regulate the activity. If so, the decision may be subject to judicial review.
What remedies can an applicant seek in a judicial review?
An applicant for judicial review may seek one or more of the following six remedies: (a) Quashing order (quashes’ a decision that the court has found to be unlawful), (b) Prohibitory order (will order a public body to refrain from acting beyond its powers), (c) Mandatory order (designed to enforce the performance by public bodies of the duties they are by law required to carry out), (d) Declaration (a court order confirming, but not changing, the legal position or rights of
the parties), (e) Injunction, and (f) Damages. The first three remedies used to be known collectively as the ‘prerogative orders’ before they were renamed in 1998.