≈Nature and Function of Language (Outcome 1.1.1a)

Question 1

The functions of language (Crystal)

Answer 1

• Express emotions
• Social interactions
• Recording facts
• Express our own identity

Question 2

The functions of language (Thorne)

Answer 2

• Referential
• Phatic
• Transactional
• Expressive

Question 3

The functions of language (Mulder, Burridge and Thomas)

Answer 3

• Coveys information
• An instrument of action
• Maintains relationships
• An instrument of cognitive/conceptual development

Question 4

Paralinguistics

Answer 4

The study of paralanguage.

Question 5

Paralanguage

Answer 5

Includes accent, pitch, volume, speech rate, modulation, and fluency. Body language, gestures, facial expressions, tone and pitch of voice.

Question 6

The context of language and 5 factors Principles of Appropriateness

Answer 6

(i) Field
(ii) Audience
(iii) Relationship
(iv) Mode
(v) Setting

Question 7

PHONETICS

Answer 7

branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds.

Question 8

Phonology

Answer 8

the study of speech sounds of a language or languages, and the laws governing them.

Question 9

Morphology

Answer 9

The ‘rules’ of word formation

Question 10

Lexicology

Answer 10

The study of words themselves (the collection of words in a language)

Question 11

Syntax

Answer 11

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Question 12

4 main types if sentences

Answer 12

Declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamation

Question 13

Declarative

Answer 13

make statements eg. I like balloons.

Question 14

Imperative

Answer 14

Issues directives eg. Check out that balloon!

Question 15

Interrogative

Answer 15

ask questions eg. Do you like balloons?

Question 16

Exclamation

Answer 16

Express exclamation eg. Wow, what a beautiful balloon!

Question 17

The MODES OF LANGUAGE

Answer 17

Written
Spoken
Sign

Question 18

The distinguishing characteristics of speech vs. written language

Answer 18

Speech - Less highly valued in society. Social. Immediate feedback. Typically unplanned.

Writing - More highly valued in society. Solitary. Not Immediate feedback. Typically planned.

Question 19

What makes human communication unique

Answer 19

(a) Spontaneity and Displacement
(b) Arbitrariness
(c) Structure and Creativity
(d) Cultural Transmission

Question 20

IDIOM

Answer 20

a phrase or expression that typically presents a figurative, non-literal meaning attached to the phrase.

Question 21

Slang

Answer 21

informal register, common in spoken conversation but avoided in formal writing.

Question 22

4 Factors that human communications unique

Answer 22

(a) Spontaneity and Displacement
(b) Arbitrariness
(c) Structure and Creativity
(d) Cultural Transmission

Question 23

What is an ONOMATOPOEIC word? Provide an example.

Answer 23

creating a word that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes. “Meow” “Rawr” “Crack” “Argh”

Question 24

What is a morpheme?

Answer 24

Smallest units of meaning in language
eg.
Un-break-able=unbreakable

Question 25

What are the three forms of an AFFIX? Provide an example of each

Answer 25

(i) Suffix - ful, able, ed
(ii) Prefix - un, pre
(iii) Infix - cup(s)ful

Question 26

Why language is seen as a ‘mirror’, and what it is seen as a mirror of

Answer 26

The fact that language is influenced by culture

Question 27

determiner

Answer 27

Before a noun - specifies quantity or offers clarification what the noun is referring to. eg. TWO cats, HER bag, THE teacher, NEXT class