Nature and Child Well-Being Flashcards
What did Engemann’s research find?
That greenspace in childhood is associated with lower risk of adult psychiatric disorders / those living in the lowest greenspcae, were at a 55% higher risk of developing a mental disorder
According to Engemann, what disorders are associated the most, with living in low greenspace area’s?
Mood disorder’s, depression, neurotic disorder’s, neurotic disorder’s, stress-related disorder’s, somatic disorder’s
According to Engemann, what are some of the benefits of living in an area with more exposure to greenspace?
Lower risk of depression and schizophrenia / improved cognitive development in children / reduced neural activity linked to psychiatric disorders / improved mental health / more exercise / improved social coherence / decreased noise and air pollution / improved immune functioning
What did Mygind’s research find that greenspace benefited?
Self-esteem, self-efficacy, resilience, academic and cognitive performance
According to Lambert (2015), what has urban living been related to?
Adverse health
According to Vassos, living in urban area’s creates a 200% increased risk of children developing…
Schizophrenia
According to Peen, living in urban area’s creates a 50% increased risk of developing…
Anxiety
What is the main measure of green-space?
Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (measures quality, density and variability of green-space)
What is another measure of green-space (not NDVI)?
Nature Relatedness Scale to measure Connectedness (reliable, unchanging continuum)
What physical health problems can be improved by an increase in contact with nature?
CV disease / obesity / diabetes / asthma / stress / mood
What does Sarkar say about the relationship between Green-space and MDD?
Green-space is a protective factor for risk of MDD / greater benefits in females
Although their is a small effect size, what doe White suggest that green-space predicts?
Less mental distress and greater life satisfaction
What disorders have the strongest association with green-space, according to Maas?
Anxiety and depression
According to Donovan, what does green-space decrease the risk of in children?
ADHD (increasing he minimum NDVI was protective against ADHD)
Why might there be an association between green-space and ADHD?
Lower rates of diagnosis and in-access to treatment
According to Engemann, what does green-space decrease the risk of in children?
Schizophrenia (protective factor)
What did Engemann’s research find about green-space and mental disorder?
Risk of disorders declined in a dose response manner / more green-space = lower risk
According to Davadand, what impact does nature have on children’s development?
Increases brain and cognitive development / role may be indirect via noise and air pollution
What is the relationship between green-space and working memory/attention?
Green-space exposure had a benefit on cognitive development, mediated by a reduction in air pollution
Does green-space exposure need to be direct?
No - window views and images have a positive effect on life satisfaction, cognitive skills and stress
What did Gladwell’s research into images of green-space find?
Photos and videos of nature reduced physiological indices of stress
What is meant by a connection with nature?
People’s desire and fascination to be in nature - not just having contact with it
What did Mayer’s research find about nature connections?
People with good connections with nature, display more pro-environmental behaviours
What did Capaldi’s research find about nature connections?
Better connections = greater happiness and well-being
According to Nisbet, what 4 things did nature relatedness correlate with?
Positive affect, commitment to ecological issues, attitudes towards sustainability, psychological well-being
According to Pritchard, connectedness has a small but significant on..?
Hedonic and eudaimonic well-being
What are the 2 main hypotheses about natures benefit on well-being?
Biophilia hypothesis and attention restoration hypothesis
What is the Biophillia hypothesis? Who by?
Wilson: humans have an innate need to connect with nature / well-being and survival of ancestors was dependent on nature relatonships / attraction to nature - from young and across cultures / we’ve only recently started living in built up area’s
What is the Attention Restoration hypothesis? Who by?
Kaplan: nature exposure improves cognitive performance via restoration of our limited resources / nature = involuntary attention = effortless and less cognitive intense / nature improves concentration, memory, attention nd self-regulation
What is the Stress Reduction hypothesis?
Exposure to unthreatening, natural environment elicits stress reducing psychological responses
What differences were found in those who watched a stressful film and weer then shown either built up or natural environments?
Those who saw a natural environment had a quicker and complete reduction in stress
What % of MH outcomes showed improvements after immersive nature experiences?
65.7%
What did immersive nature experiences have the best outcomes fro?
Self-esteem, self-efficacy, resilience and academic and cognitive performance
According to White, what dosage of nature is beneficial?
120 minutes
After how many minutes, does the effects of nature plateau?
200-300
What are the limitations of research into the amount of nature exposure needed?
Small effect size / associations may be due to healthier people choosing to spend more time in nature / ignores the quality
What is ecotherapy?
Nature based interventions in natural settings
What are some examples of ecotherapy?
Social and therapeutic horticulture / animal assisted interventions / care farming / nature arts and crafts / green exercise / wilderness therapy
What is the name of a type of ecotherapy organisation?
Ecominds
What are the benefits of Ecominds?
Improves mental well-being / increases activeness / boosts skills and confidence / connects socially isolated people
What re Ecominds five-ways-to-wellbeing?
More active / connect with others / take notice of the world / keep learning / give back
What % increase in mental well-being was found from Ecominds?
69%
What % increase in overall health was found from Ecominds?
62%
