naturally formed group + cohesion Flashcards
personality-group fit
Big 5
extraversion
- most predictive
- team-oriented organizations, cooperation
agreeableness
- emphasize cooperation / avoid aggression + competitive groups
Openness
- attracted to non-traditional groups
conscientiousness
- detail, task-oriented
neuroticism
- provides stability / more likely to join gangs
joining groups
- social motivation
predict people;s interest in joinin groups
- need for affiliation + rejection sensitivity
- need for intimacy, power
joining groups
- gender differences
due to gender roles and sexism
women
- need for intimacy, relationality, smaller, informal
men
- agentic, need for power, larger, formal, task-oriented
joining groups
- anxiety
predicts disinterest in joining groups
- shyness -> differs in cultures -> adaptive in China
- social anxiety
- social anxiety disorder
joining groups
- bowlby attachment theory
likely to join + not scared
- low avoidance + low anxiety = secure
likely + scared
- low avoidance + high anxiety = preoccupied
scared + not likely
- high anxiety + high avoidance = fearful
not likely + not scared
- high avoidance + low anxiety = dismissing
joining groups
- attitudes, experiences & expectations
importance + enjoyment
-> positive experiences in groups -> value of groups -> seeking groups
joining groups
- stress
more likely to affiliate with groups
5 types of social support
belonging
emotional
informational
instrumental
spiritual
strong social bonds
-> less stress, depression, better physical health
4 situations where we afiliate
- misery loves company
joining groups that experience the same thing
NOT with embarrassment - stressful circumstances -> social support
- fearful circumstances + not embarrassed -> support
- uncertainty / confusion -> information seeking
cognitive clarity
social comparison and the self
downward -> boosts self-esteem
upward -> increases optimism and elevates goal BUT can threaten self-esteem
self-evaluation maintenance -> depends on task self-esteem relevance
-> suggests you use both upward and downward
6 principles of attraction
proximity : familiarity / interaction
elaboration
similarity : homophily -> actively seek similar people
complementarity : qualities complement your own
reciprocity : liking tends to be mutual
minimax : groups with max reward + min costs
cohesion
multi levelled
- attraction between members
- attraction to group as a whole
5 types of cohesion
social -> attraction
task -> goal commitment
collective -> identity
emotional -> emotion / affect -> rituals
structural -> structure -> consistent roles + clarity
developing cohesion
groups mature + develop over time
different / relatively predictable stages
stage model
- separable stages e.g. tuckman 5-stage model
cycle model
- cycle through phases e.g. bale’s equilibrium
successive-stage models
-> tuckman 5 stage model
orientation : forming
- creating group + setting goals
- above mid performance
conflict : storming
- dealing with sources of tension
- below mid performance
structure : norming
- structure + stability
- increasing performance
performing
- monitoring, leading, feedback
- peak performance
dissolution? adjourning
bale’s cyclical equilibrium model
- norming vs performing stage
balance between task and relationship orientation
norming -> relationship orientation
performing -> task orientation
5 pros cohesion
enhanced member satisfaction
reduced tension
higher group engagement
reduced turnover
longer duration of membership
7 cons of cohesion
groupthink
peer pressure
demanding
increased influence
hostility
intensification of emotional and social processes
old sergeant syndrome
- psychological disturbances in military units that suffer heavy casualties
cohesion + productivity
- reciprocal relationship
.51 relationship
.25 with task interdependence
depends on norms
reciprocal relationship
- cohesion causes improvements in performance
- performance feeds back and causes changes in cohesion
cohesion relationships vary over time and settings
initiations to elicit cohesion
initiations
= test for new members to see how committed they are to become a member
increase cohesion
initiations to elicit cohesion
- shared suffering, does it work?
cognitive dissonance
when you hold two conflicting cognition
investment increases commitment
initiations to elicit cohesion
- hazing
- why is it done?
- does it work?
initiation causing mental or physical discomfort, harassment, embarrassment, ridicule, humiliation
why is it done?
- increase bonding + dependence
- establish dominance
- establish commitment
- honor tradition
does it work?
- often illegal + unhealthy
- not as effective
- dangerous
DOES NOT WORK -> can backfire
