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Year 10 MMS > Natural Selection - Overall Study > Flashcards

Natural Selection - Overall Study Flashcards

1
Q

Define selective agent

A

The environmental factor that acts upon a population

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2
Q

Define selection pressure

A

The effect of a selective agent

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3
Q

Give examples of a selective agent

A

Biotic factor: Bacterial infection, competitor, predator

Abiotic factor: temperature, water, soil nutrients, fire

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4
Q

What are the three steps of speciation?

A
  1. Variation
  2. Isolation
  3. Selection
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5
Q

Define variation in terms of natural selection

A

Within a population there is a difference in DNA among individuals

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6
Q

What was the main idea behind evolution?

A

A species can change over many generations, potentially forming new species

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7
Q

What is a generation?

A

The time between the birth of an individual and when the individual produces offspring

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8
Q

What does natural selection affect within a population?

A

It affects what traits are considered desirable and what is passed down through generations

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9
Q

Give an example of a selection pressure

A

Coat colour change of mice because of the owl selection pressure

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10
Q

Define analogous structures

A

Analogous structures are bone structures that serve the same function but don’t have the same amount of bones or structure

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11
Q

Define homologous structures.

A

Homologous structures are bone structures that have the same amount of bones and same arrangement, but don’t serve the same function

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12
Q

How does the fossil record prove evolution is true?

A

The fossil record shows the changes in species and transitional forms over time which proves evolution to be true.

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13
Q

Provide examples of animals that are often artificially selected.

A

Dogs, cats, budgerigars (budgies)

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14
Q

What features do primates have?

A

Most have grasping hands, nails rather than claws and forward-facing eyes

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15
Q

What causes variation?

A

Differences within genes

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16
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Sexual selection is considered an example of natural selection

A

True

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17
Q

Define cytochrome c

A

A protein found in all living things

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18
Q

Define comparative anatomy

A

Comparative anatomy is the study of comparing physical structures of a species to another

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19
Q

What did Charles Darwin theorise during his observation of the Galapagos finches?

A

The finches changed to suit their environment. The beaks changed to suit their food source

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20
Q

Define natural selection

A

The way a species changes characteristics depending on what their natural environment demands

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21
Q

Define artificial selection

A

The process of humans choosing to breed particular organisms with desirable features.

Also called selective breeding

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22
Q

How was it indicated that other species of human-like animals existed?

A

Fossils

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23
Q

What is a species?

A

The smallest unit of biological classification. Able to interbreed without complications & produce fertile offspring.

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24
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

What is considered more sexually attractive within a species and therefore more likely to reproduce.

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25
Q

Which animals are most like humans?

A

Gorillas & Chimpanzees

26
Q

What is a selective breeding method?

A

Cross-breeding

Inbreeding

27
Q

Charles Darwin predicted the best place to find fossils of human origins. Where?

A

Africa

28
Q

What is variation?

A

Natural differences within a population

29
Q

In what order did homo species exist?

A
  1. Australopithecus
  2. Homo Habilis
  3. Homo Ergaster / Erectus
  4. Homo Heidelbergensis
  5. Homo Neanderthalis & Homo Sapiens
30
Q

What is hybridisation?

A

When two very similar species produce offspring called hybrids

31
Q

What health problems do hybrids often have?

A

They are normally infertile and come with a wide range of health issues

32
Q

Give an example of a hybrid

A

Liger
Mule
Hinny

33
Q

How long have Homo Sapiens been around?

A

About 200,000 years

34
Q

Give an example of a homologous structure

A

The limbs of vertebrates

Cat, human, bat, bird, horse, whale

35
Q

Give an example of an analogous structure

A

Wings: bird, butterfly, bat
Swimming: Shark, penguin, dolphin

36
Q

What is the biological classification system that we still use today called?

A

Linnaean classification system

37
Q

Define ecological niche

A

The role a species has in its environment eg: food, behaviours, reproduction

38
Q

How does cytochrome c prove evolution?

A

By comparing how many amino acids are in the same position on the cytochrome c protein chain it proves how closely related two species are.

39
Q

What is the science of classifying animals called?

A

Taxonomy

40
Q

Define competition in terms of natural selection

A

There are more offspring per generation than can survive, individuals will have to out compete each other

41
Q

Define inheritance in terms of natural selection

A

A trait can be passed down on through DNA, therefore, offspring will inherit the traits of their parents

42
Q

What are the four main principles of natural selection?

A
  • Variation
  • Competition
  • Survival of the fittest
  • Inheritance
43
Q

What is cross-breeding?

A

Crossing two individuals with desirable features in the hopes the offspring will show a combination of the features.

44
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

Related individuals mate

45
Q

What are the issues with inbreeding?

A

Often causes health issues, deformities, sterility and genetic disease

46
Q

Define genotype

A

The genetic make up of an individual

47
Q

Define phenotype

A

The particular characteristics of an individual

48
Q

What is the modern definition of natural selection?

A

The change of a particular genetic make up due to environmental selection over many generations

49
Q

Define cladistics

A

The field that classifies life based on DNA sequencing

50
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

When two species develop a similar trait to serve a specific function without breeding.

51
Q

Define divergent evolution

A

Two populations of the same species are isolated from each other and evolve different traits until they are no longer the same species

52
Q

What is a key feature that animals have to have to be classified into the sub-tribe with human?

A

Walking upright on two legs

53
Q

What is speciation?

A

The process by which one species splits into two or more separate species.

54
Q

What are the three eras of the geological time scale?

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

55
Q

What class are humans classified into?

A

Mammalia

56
Q

Define survival of the fittest in terms of natural selection

A

Individuals with traits that are better adapted to their environment will survive and reproduce, whereas individuals without those traits will die

57
Q

What are the categories of Linnaean Classification?

A

(In order) Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

58
Q

What family are humans classified into?

A

Homonidae

59
Q

What is the ‘Out of Africa’ model?

A

A model that proposes the idea that all humans originated from Africa

60
Q

When is it estimated that humans left Africa?

A

Around 60,000 years ago

61
Q

What evidence supports the ‘Out of Africa’ model?

A

By analysing the DNA of hundreds of thousands of people, scientists were able to trace their ancestry back to a small group in Africa

62
Q

Within the skulls of likely members of the human family, what changes have occurred during evolution?

A
  • Face becomes flatter
  • Cranium enlarges
  • Lower jaw shortens
  • Cranium is more rounded
  • A chin develops
  • Cranial capacity increases
  • Forehead becomes vertical

Year 10 MMS (6 decks)

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