DNA - Overall Study

Question 1

What is the name of the molecule of genetic code that leaves the nucleus of the cell during translation?

Answer 1

mRNA

Question 2

Who made the Watson-Crick model?

Answer 2

James Watson and Francis Crick

Question 3

Define genetics

Answer 3

The study of inherited traits

Question 4

What three parts make up nucleotides?

Answer 4

Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar (pentose sugar)`, nitrogen-rich bases

Question 5

What was the first successful DNA model?

Answer 5

The Watson-Crick model?

Question 6

TRUE or FALSE

The genes that code for a particular characteristic are located on different parts of the paired autosomes.

Answer 6

False - They are located at the same parts of paired autosomes.

Question 7

What are the three characteristics of homologous chromosomes?

Answer 7

1. Same length
2. Have a structure called the centromere
3. Have genes for particular characteristics at the same location along their length.

Question 8

What does asexual reproduction rely on?

Answer 8

Mitosis

Question 9

What are the three steps of DNA replication?

Answer 9

1. The strands of DNA separate from each other (unzip)
2. Nucleotides that are not yet part of a DNA chain pair up with the exposed nucleotides.
3. Zips back up

Question 10

Define meiosis

Answer 10

The process of cell division that produces gametes - sperm and egg cells

Question 11

What is a chromosome?

Answer 11

A long, thin, thread-like structure found in the nuclei of all cells that contain a nucleus.

Question 12

What causes mutations?

Answer 12

Either spontaneously (due to a fail in replication) or damage to a strand of DNA.

Question 13

What are the smaller molecules that make up the structure of DNA called?

Answer 13

Nucleotides

Question 14

Give an example of a mutagen caused by radiation

Answer 14

X-rays, radioisotopes, UV light

Question 15

Give an example of a mutagen caused by something biological

Answer 15

Hepatitis B, cervical cancer

Question 16

Give an example of a mutagen caused by something chemical

Answer 16

Cigarette smoke, asbestos, mustard gas

Question 17

What are the different types of mutations?

Answer 17

Silence mutation. Missense. Nonsense. Frameshift

Question 18

What does a silence mutation do?

Answer 18

Nothing, it does not affect the individual

Question 19

What does a missense mutation do?

Answer 19

Causes the wrong protein to be produced

Question 20

What does a nonsense mutation do?

Answer 20

The code abruptly ends, stopping the production of proteins

Question 21

What does a frameshift mutation do?

Answer 21

Insertion or deletion of bases. The information becomes jumbled and impossible to read.

Question 22

What are the groups of proteins?

Answer 22

Structural. Enzymes. Regulatory

Question 23

Define genes

Answer 23

Genes are sections of DNA arranged along the chromosomes

Question 24

Define ribosomes

Answer 24

A molecular machine that builds proteins from amino acids

Question 25

What forms the backbone of the DNA molecule?

Answer 25

Phosphate group and the deoxyribose sugar.

Question 26

What does a gene code for?

Answer 26

A specific protein

Question 27

What are homologous chromosomes?

Answer 27

A pair of autosomes

Question 28

How many chromosomes are in the human body?

Answer 28

46 (23 pairs)

Question 29

What are gametes?

Answer 29

Sperm and egg cells

Question 30

What are the stages of meiosis

Answer 30

Prophase, crossover, metaphase1, anaphase1, telophase1, metaphase2, anaphase2, telophase2

Question 31

What case-letter is the dominant trait represented with?

Answer 31

uppercase

Question 32

What case-letter is the recessive trait represented with?

Answer 32

lowercase

Question 33

Define codon

Answer 33

Bases arranged in triplets; a series of bases

Question 34

Define translation

Answer 34

When RNA is read by the ribosomes

Question 35

Give an example of an organism that reproduces asexually.

Answer 35

Hydra, yeasts, grasses

Question 36

What happens within metaphase?

Answer 36

Chromosomes meet in the middle and become attached by spindle fibers.

Question 37

Define replication

Answer 37

The process of copying DNA

Question 38

What happens within interphase?

Answer 38

The genetic material doubles and prepares to divide

Question 39

Define phenotype

Answer 39

The observable characteristic of the individual

Question 40

What are the complementary base pairings?

Answer 40

Adenine thymine | Guanine cytosine

Question 41

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 41

The final stage of mitosis; when the cell divides

Question 42

What sex chromosome pair determines the female sex?

Answer 42

XX

Question 43

What sex chromosome pair determines the male sex?

Answer 43

XY

Question 44

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 44

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 45

What are the non-sex chromosomes called?

Answer 45

autosomes

Question 46

What are the stages of mitosis?

Answer 46

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Question 47

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction in comparison to asexual reproduction?

Answer 47

There is greater variation within offspring

Question 48

Define mutagen

Answer 48

Agents that cause mutations

Question 49

What is a sex-linked gene?

Answer 49

A gene found on one of the chromosomes that determine the sex of offspring

Question 50

Which backbone of the DNA molecule do the nitrogen-rich bases join to?

Answer 50

Phosphate group

Question 51

What reads codons?

Answer 51

Ribosomes

Question 52

Define transcription

Answer 52

The process of DNA being copied to RNA

Question 53

What are the four nitrogen-rich bases?

Answer 53

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C)

Question 54

What happens within anaphase?

Answer 54

Chromosomes get pulled apart by the spindle fibers. There is now one chromatin on each side

Question 55

What is a centromere?

Answer 55

The point on a chromosomes where the two chromatids are joined together.

Question 56

TRUE or FALSE | Daughter cells are not genetically identical to the parent cell.

Answer 56

FALSE

Question 57

Where are chromosomes located?

Answer 57

In the nucleus of a cell. DNA can be found in the mitochondria or chloroplasts

Question 58

What happens within telophase?

Answer 58

Chromosomes uncoil in chromatids. Spindle fibers disintegrate. Centrioles replicate. Membrane is formed.

Question 59

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 59

Offspring that isn't produced by the union of gametes and is instead produced through mitosis.

Question 60

What is Chargaff's rule?

Answer 60

There is a similar amount of adenine and thymine as there is to guanine and cytosine.

Question 61

Define DNA

Answer 61

The molecule that determines the specific characteristics of an individual

Question 62

Explain why gametes have to have half the diploid number of chromosomes (2n).

Answer 62

If each parent passed on a complete set of genetic information, the offspring would 4n chromosomes. Then their offspring would have 8n and so on.

Question 63

What is a mutation?

Answer 63

A mutation is when a mistake occurs in the copying of DNA

Question 64

Are mutations always dangerous? Why?

Answer 64

No. They can create different or even beneficial versions of a protein. Mutations can add to the diversity of organisms

Question 65

Define carcinogen

Answer 65

A mutation that causes cancer

Question 66

TRUE or FALSE | Any pair of alleles that has a dominant trait present will produce that dominant trait.

Answer 66

True

Question 67

Explain Punnett squares

Answer 67

Punnett squares are a visual way of showing all the possible types of offspring that results from a cross.

Question 68

Define genotypes

Answer 68

The actual genetic information carried by an individual

Question 69

What happens within prophase?

Answer 69

Chromatids join by the centromere. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. Nucleolus disappears. Nuclear membrane disintegrates.