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Year 10 MMS > DNA - Overall Study > Flashcards

DNA - Overall Study Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the molecule of genetic code that leaves the nucleus of the cell during translation?

A

mRNA

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2
Q

Who made the Watson-Crick model?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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3
Q

Define genetics

A

The study of inherited traits

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4
Q

What three parts make up nucleotides?

A

Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar (pentose sugar)`, nitrogen-rich bases

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5
Q

What was the first successful DNA model?

A

The Watson-Crick model?

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6
Q

TRUE or FALSE

The genes that code for a particular characteristic are located on different parts of the paired autosomes.

A

False - They are located at the same parts of paired autosomes.

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7
Q

What are the three characteristics of homologous chromosomes?

A
  1. Same length
  2. Have a structure called the centromere
  3. Have genes for particular characteristics at the same location along their length.
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8
Q

What does asexual reproduction rely on?

A

Mitosis

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9
Q

What are the three steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. The strands of DNA separate from each other (unzip)
  2. Nucleotides that are not yet part of a DNA chain pair up with the exposed nucleotides.
  3. Zips back up
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10
Q

Define meiosis

A

The process of cell division that produces gametes - sperm and egg cells

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11
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A long, thin, thread-like structure found in the nuclei of all cells that contain a nucleus.

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12
Q

What causes mutations?

A

Either spontaneously (due to a fail in replication) or damage to a strand of DNA.

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13
Q

What are the smaller molecules that make up the structure of DNA called?

A

Nucleotides

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14
Q

Give an example of a mutagen caused by radiation

A

X-rays, radioisotopes, UV light

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15
Q

Give an example of a mutagen caused by something biological

A

Hepatitis B, cervical cancer

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16
Q

Give an example of a mutagen caused by something chemical

A

Cigarette smoke, asbestos, mustard gas

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17
Q

What are the different types of mutations?

A

Silence mutation. Missense. Nonsense. Frameshift

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18
Q

What does a silence mutation do?

A

Nothing, it does not affect the individual

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19
Q

What does a missense mutation do?

A

Causes the wrong protein to be produced

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20
Q

What does a nonsense mutation do?

A

The code abruptly ends, stopping the production of proteins

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21
Q

What does a frameshift mutation do?

A

Insertion or deletion of bases. The information becomes jumbled and impossible to read.

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22
Q

What are the groups of proteins?

A

Structural. Enzymes. Regulatory

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23
Q

Define genes

A

Genes are sections of DNA arranged along the chromosomes

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24
Q

Define ribosomes

A

A molecular machine that builds proteins from amino acids

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25
Q

What forms the backbone of the DNA molecule?

A

Phosphate group and the deoxyribose sugar.

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26
Q

What does a gene code for?

A

A specific protein

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27
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

A pair of autosomes

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28
Q

How many chromosomes are in the human body?

A

46 (23 pairs)

29
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sperm and egg cells

30
Q

What are the stages of meiosis

A

Prophase, crossover, metaphase1, anaphase1, telophase1, metaphase2, anaphase2, telophase2

31
Q

What case-letter is the dominant trait represented with?

A

uppercase

32
Q

What case-letter is the recessive trait represented with?

A

lowercase

33
Q

Define codon

A

Bases arranged in triplets; a series of bases

34
Q

Define translation

A

When RNA is read by the ribosomes

35
Q

Give an example of an organism that reproduces asexually.

A

Hydra, yeasts, grasses

36
Q

What happens within metaphase?

A

Chromosomes meet in the middle and become attached by spindle fibers.

37
Q

Define replication

A

The process of copying DNA

38
Q

What happens within interphase?

A

The genetic material doubles and prepares to divide

39
Q

Define phenotype

A

The observable characteristic of the individual

40
Q

What are the complementary base pairings?

A

Adenine thymine

Guanine cytosine

41
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The final stage of mitosis; when the cell divides

42
Q

What sex chromosome pair determines the female sex?

A

XX

43
Q

What sex chromosome pair determines the male sex?

A

XY

44
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

45
Q

What are the non-sex chromosomes called?

A

autosomes

46
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

47
Q

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction in comparison to asexual reproduction?

A

There is greater variation within offspring

48
Q

Define mutagen

A

Agents that cause mutations

49
Q

What is a sex-linked gene?

A

A gene found on one of the chromosomes that determine the sex of offspring

50
Q

Which backbone of the DNA molecule do the nitrogen-rich bases join to?

A

Phosphate group

51
Q

What reads codons?

A

Ribosomes

52
Q

Define transcription

A

The process of DNA being copied to RNA

53
Q

What are the four nitrogen-rich bases?

A

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C)

54
Q

What happens within anaphase?

A

Chromosomes get pulled apart by the spindle fibers. There is now one chromatin on each side

55
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The point on a chromosomes where the two chromatids are joined together.

56
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Daughter cells are not genetically identical to the parent cell.

A

FALSE

57
Q

Where are chromosomes located?

A

In the nucleus of a cell. DNA can be found in the mitochondria or chloroplasts

58
Q

What happens within telophase?

A

Chromosomes uncoil in chromatids. Spindle fibers disintegrate. Centrioles replicate. Membrane is formed.

59
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Offspring that isn’t produced by the union of gametes and is instead produced through mitosis.

60
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

There is a similar amount of adenine and thymine as there is to guanine and cytosine.

61
Q

Define DNA

A

The molecule that determines the specific characteristics of an individual

62
Q

Explain why gametes have to have half the diploid number of chromosomes (2n).

A

If each parent passed on a complete set of genetic information, the offspring would 4n chromosomes. Then their offspring would have 8n and so on.

63
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A mutation is when a mistake occurs in the copying of DNA

64
Q

Are mutations always dangerous? Why?

A

No. They can create different or even beneficial versions of a protein. Mutations can add to the diversity of organisms

65
Q

Define carcinogen

A

A mutation that causes cancer

66
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Any pair of alleles that has a dominant trait present will produce that dominant trait.

A

True

67
Q

Explain Punnett squares

A

Punnett squares are a visual way of showing all the possible types of offspring that results from a cross.

68
Q

Define genotypes

A

The actual genetic information carried by an individual

69
Q

What happens within prophase?

A

Chromatids join by the centromere. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. Nucleolus disappears. Nuclear membrane disintegrates.

Year 10 MMS (6 decks)

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