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Science > Natural Processes > Flashcards

Natural Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

Where and when do earthquakes occur

A

where- most occur near plate boundaries and also fault lines
when- break in rock mass along which movement has occurred (when plates/rocks move)

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2
Q

What is a fault

A

fractures in the crust along which displacement has taken place and a break in the rock with movement

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3
Q

What are the four types of faults and draw a small picture to indicate their movement

A
  1. normal fault ◀️▶️ one going up, one going down
  2. reverse fault ▶️◀️
  3. strike-slip fault ◀️
    ▶️ side to side
  4. dip-slip fault ▶️
    ? up and over
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4
Q

what are the three types of seismic waves

A
  1. Primary, or P, waves
  2. Secondary, or S, waves
  3. Surface waves
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5
Q

slowest wave

A

secondary

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6
Q

first wave to arrive at a seismic station

A

primary

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7
Q

most destructive type of wave

A

surface

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8
Q

waves that move side to side

A

primary

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9
Q

waves that move at right angles

A

secondary

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10
Q

waves that have vertical and horizontal displacement

A

surface

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11
Q

fastest types of waves

A

primary

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12
Q

what’s the difference between the focus and the epicenter

A

focus- place within earth where earthquake waves originate (beneath/below)
epicenter- location on the surface directly above the focus (surface)

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13
Q

describe elastic bound

A

the springing back motion of a former deformed rock and when deformed rock snaps back into place

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14
Q

what is an aftershock?

A

smaller earthquake that follows the main earthquake

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15
Q

Define an earthquake

A

vibration of earth, produced by the rapid release of energy and generates seismic waves that radiate through earth

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16
Q

what instrument is used to measure earthquakes

A

seismograph

17
Q

what is the difference between seismograph and seismogram

A

seismograph- instrument that measures earthquakes

seismogram- actual reading of seismic waves

18
Q

what is a foreshock

A

small earthquakes that often precede a major earthquake by days or in some cases, by as much as several years

19
Q

geologists measure the distance between __ and __ wave arrival times to a seismograph

A

P and S

20
Q

what is the relationship between arrival time and distance to the earthquake epicenter

A

difference in velocities of P and S waves provides a method for locating the epicenter

  • the greater the span of time: further from earthquake
  • the smaller the span of time: closer to earthquake
21
Q

how many seismic stations are needed to locate an earthquake

A

three

22
Q

the process of locating an earthquake is called_______

A

triangulation

23
Q

what is the name of the scale most commonly used to measure earthquakes

A

Richter scale

24
Q

the scale goes from ___ to ___

A

1 to 10

25
Q

at what magnitude is an average earthquake felt

A

3

26
Q

what is a volcano

A

a weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes to the surface

27
Q

what is viscosity

A

resistance of a liquid to flowing

28
Q

if lava is highly viscous what is the result

A

it’s sticky and it creates a plug in the volcano which is highly explosive

29
Q

2 examples of high viscosity

A

syrup and honey

30
Q

2 examples of low viscosity

A

water and vinegar

31
Q

viscosity of magma in a volcano is dependent on what two characteristics

A

silica content and temperature

32
Q

what is the relationship between silica and viscosity

A
  • the more silica magma has, the higher its viscosity (sticky and light in color)
  • the less silica magma has, the lower its viscosity (runny and dark in color)
33
Q

what are the three types of volcanoes

A

shield volcanoes
cinder cone volcanoes
composite cone volcanoes

34
Q

define each type of volcano

A

shield volcano- broad, wide in diameter, slightly domed structure (looks like pancake) and erupts basaltic lava
cinder cone volcano- usually small with really steep sides and erupts tephra and cinders
composite cone volcano (stratovolcanoes)- large, nearly symmetrical structure, explodes quietly, alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material and erupts pyroclastic material

35
Q

what is pyroclastic flow

A

an explosive eruption that hurls out a mixture of hot gases, ash, cinders, bombs, and dust and races down sides

36
Q

what is a lahar

A

a mudflow that occurs when deposits of volcanic ash and debris become saturated with water and flows down steep volcanic slopes

37
Q

what are the three types of magma and their silica content

A

basaltic magma- 50%
andesitic magma- 60%
rhyolitic (felsic) magma- 70%

38
Q

what is silica

A

an abundant material in the earths crust formed from oxygen and silicon

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