Natural Population Change

Question 1

Death Rate from 1902-2012

Answer 1

Declined from 18 per 1000 to 9 per 1000

Question 2

Infant Mortality Rate from 1902-2012

Answer 2

142 per 1000 to 4.1 per 1000

Question 3

Life Expectancy from 1902-2012

Answer 3

Consistently risen, women live longer (83 to men’s 79)

Question 4

Explanations For Changes

Improved Hygiene, Sanitation, and Medicine

Answer 4

Public sewer systems, clean running water + improved public awareness
McKeown - improvements in environmental conditions, rising living standards. better diet + nutrition more important than medical advances

Question 5

Explanations For Changes

Higher Living Standards

Answer 5

McKeown - Rising living standards reduce death rates
Higher wages, better food, more amenities, and better housing conditions improve health
Improved transport + food technology allow a wider range of more nutritious food

Question 6

Explanations For Changes

Public Health and Welfare

Answer 6

Steep rise in state intervention in public health and welfare (welfare state 1948)
Free and comprehensive healthcare, better ante natal + post natal care
More children in hospitals, much safer

Question 7

Explanations For Changes

Health Education

Answer 7

Growing awareness of nutrition and its importance to health
Improved education + health education, lead to better informed public - demand better public health + welfare legislation
Websites - NHS Choices, Netdoctor provide guidance

Question 8

Explanations For Changes

Improved Working Conditions

Answer 8

Working conditions improved in 20th century
Technology taken over arduous, damaging tasks, factory machinery safer
Higher standards of health and safety + shorter working hours and more leisure time - reduce physical demand of work