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Geography > Natural Hazards - Tectonics > Flashcards

Natural Hazards - Tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

Define natural Hazard.

A

An event beyond human control that could threaten both life and property.

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2
Q

What is a secondary effect? +example

A

Happen later or often as a result of the primary effect.
eg. starvation, weakened econemy, spread of deseases

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3
Q

Why do people live in tectonically active areas? (4)

A
  • minerals from ash are good for fertile soil
  • tourist attractions from volcanoes
  • geothermal energy can be used = energy bills lower
  • precious stones and minerals found neer volcanoes
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4
Q

What is a natural disaster?

A

A natural disaster is the highly harmfull impact following a natural hazard event.

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5
Q

Disadvantages of living in a tectonically active area. (3)

A

-ash pollutes rivers (may be source of food+water for area)
-houses may be destroyed by lava
-volcanoes can be deadly (few actualy die because of evacuation but you can be killed from lahars and pyroclastic flow)

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6
Q

Explain ridge push.

A
  1. crust is heated and expands to form a sloap
  2. crust cools down and becomes dense
  3. Gravity and the weight of the plate also make it move
    (@ constructive plate boundaries)
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7
Q

Explain slab pull.

A
  1. Convection currents move plates together
  2. Oceanic plate subducts because its denser
  3. This creates a fource that pulls this plate down further
    (@ destructive plate boundaries)
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8
Q

What is a primary effect? + example

A

The immediate impacts caused by the natural hazard itself.
eg. people dying, houses colapsing, injured people

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9
Q

What are the four ways management can reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

A

Prediction
Protection
Monitoring
Planning

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10
Q

Explain constructive plate boundaries.

(Arrows one)➝

A

Convection currents & ridge push ➝ apart ➝ gap ➝ magma➝ new crust➝surface of water➝ volcano
Apart ➝ fractures ➝ releases energy ➝ seismic➝ EQ’s

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11
Q

Explain conservative plate boundaries.

(arrows one)➝

A

move➝side➝convection➝snag(get caught)➝ energy-in rock➝slip➝ released ➝ seismic waves ➝EQ’s

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12
Q

Explain destructive plate boundaries.

(arrows one)➝

A

Together➝ convection currents➝ slab pull➝ meet➝ oceanic subducts➝ denser➝ mantle➝ magma➝ pressure➝ force crack➝ explode ➝ lava
Together➝ energy -in rock➝ slip➝ released➝ seismic waves➝ EQ’s

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13
Q

What movement happens at conservative plate boundaries why? + Example place

A

Plates move side by side eachother because of convection currents.
Example: San Andreas fault line

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14
Q

What movement happens at constructive plate boundaries why? + Example place

A

Plates move apart because of convection currents and ridge pull. Example: Mid atlantic Ridge.

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15
Q

What movement happens at destructive plate boundaries why? + Example place

A

Oceanic plate subducts under continental plate becuae its denser. Moving because of ridge push and slab pull. Example: Pacific ring of Fire.

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16
Q

What heats the mantle?

A

Radioactive decay occuring in the earths core.

17
Q

What is continental crust? (info)

A

Type of curst that is thicker, older and less dense.It has mainly landmass on it.

18
Q

Define protection.
+Example

A

Actions taken before a hazard strikes to reduce its imapct.
eg. educate people, reinforcing buildings.

19
Q

Define a secondary Hazard.

A

One that occurs because of another hazard. Eg. tsunami caused by an earthquake.

20
Q

Give four pieces of evidence for continental drift.

A
  • sea shells on the top of the Hymalayas
  • Fossils of land animals found across continents separated by the sea
  • Jigsaws = continents fit together like a jugsaw.
  • mountain ranges meet up when continents are placed together
21
Q

What can protection do for earthquakes and volcanoes?

A

Reduce the effect of tectonic hazards.
EQ’s - reinforce/strengthen buildings to absorbe EQ energy
Volcano - trenches to barrier from the lava, strengthen buildings from ash

22
Q

What can prediction do for earthquakes and volcanoes?

A

Reduce the effect of tectonic hazard
EQ- cant be reliably predicted but can monitor plate movement
Volcano - predicted if monitored closely

23
Q

What are some human factors that affect risk? (4)

A

Population density
Quality of buildings
Politics
Wealth

24
Q

What does monitoring do for earthquakes and volcanoes?

A

Reduce the effect of tectonic hazards
EQ- seismometers & lazers monitor earths movements.
Volcanoes- Monitor signs before an erruption= gas, shape change.

25
Q

What are convection currents & how do they work?

A

Currents in the earths mantle that move plates together/apart/ slide with eachother.
1. particles close to core are heated
2. they expand so are less dense so rise up.
3. particle cool down so sink
4. current is created as this repeats.

26
Q

What can planning do for earthquakes and volcanoes?

A

Reduce the effect of tectonic hazard.
EQ+volcanoes
-prepare emergency services
-educate people
-plan evacuation
-stockpile emergency supplies.

27
Q

What is prediction?

A

Attept to forcast when and where natural hazard will be.

28
Q

What is planning?

A

Actions taken to enable communities to recover& respond to natural disasters.

29
Q

What are some physical factors that affect risk? (6)

A

Magnitude
Location
Landscape
Time of day
Frequency
Seasons

30
Q

What is monitoring?

A

Recording physical changes ( like earthquake tremours around volcano)
to help forcanst when and where natural hazard will be.

31
Q

What are some meteorological hazards + name some.

A

weather hazards caused by weather or climate process.
Floods Tropical storms
Doughts Landslides
Sandstorms Thunderstorms

32
Q

Explain the two types of response.

A

Actions taken to deal with the consequence of event.
Immediate response: in the days and weeks immediately after disaster happens
Long term response: months and years after disaster.

33
Q

What are geological hazards? +name some.

A

geological/tectonic hazards caused by the earth and its tectonic plate movemments.
Earthquakes, volcanic erruptions, Tsunamis

34
Q

What is oceanic crust?

A

Oceanic crust is a type of crust that is yonger, denser and thinner. With mainly ocean on it.

35
Q

What happens at conservative plate boundaries?

A
  1. plates move side by side past eachother because of convection currents in the mantle.
  2. snag on edges of rock- sharp uneaven.
  3. pressure builds up
  4. one slips and energy is relased in seizemic waves
  5. causing earthquakes. NO VOLCANOES
36
Q

What happens at destructive plate boundaries?

A
  1. convection currents push oceanic and continental plates together
  2. Oceanic plate subducts because its denser& slab pull pulling it down.
  3. mantle melts ocanic plate
  4. magma chambre formed under pressure
  5. cracks form from magma forcing its way up
  6. magma explodes out in volcanoes as lava
    EQ- when plates slip
37
Q

What happens at constructive plate boundaries?

A

1.Convection currents in mantle & ridge push move plates apart.
2.Gap is created that is filled with magma
3.Over time plates move further apart, filled with magma and cooled by the sea.
4.when magma reaches surface of sea it doesnt cool so volcano is formed(sheild)
EQ- plate fracture

Geography (10 decks)

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